Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Molecular Basis of Inheritance > Flashcards

Molecular Basis of Inheritance Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 4 classes of biological molecules?

A

Carbohydrates, proteins (directs its own synthesis), lipids, nucleic acids (builds proteins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what large group of organisms does bacteria belong to

A

prokaryotic organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is a pathogen

A

a pathogen is an organism or virus that causes disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is transformation

A

a change in phenotype and genotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell (Griffith thought protein was a more fitted candidate for genetic information)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a bacteriophage?

A

a virus that eats bacteria (dna in the phage head)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is a virus

A

a virus is DNA that is enclosed by a protective coat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What were the results of Hershey and Chase’s experiment

A

when proteins were tagged the radioactivity stayed outside, but when it was the DNA radioactivity was found in the cell - DNA functions as genetic material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What were the results of Hershey and Chase’s experiment?

A

when proteins were tagged the radioactivity stayed outside, but when it was the DNA radioactivity was found in the cell - DNA functions as genetic material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are Chargaff’s rules

A

Chargaff noticed regularity in the ratios of nucleotide bases and the different base compositions between species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the mechanism for Chargaff’s rules

A

complementary base pairing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does photo 51 show

A
  1. DNA is a helix shape
  2. The width of DNA
  3. Spacing of nitrogenous bases
  4. Implied DNA was made up of 2 strands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How did Watson and crick elucidate the structure of the DNA molecule

A

Watson saw Rosalind’s x-ray diffraction picture and recognized the double helix shape of DNA. Then they took credit for the picture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Summarize the shape of DNA

A

DNA is in a double helix shape, there are two sugar-phosphate groups that are anti-parallel. The connected sections of DNA are nitrogenous bases that have complementary pairing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the semi-conservative model of DNA replication

A

It is the model that says one strand of original DNA is conserved in each daughter strand in replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How are bacterial chromosomes different from ours?

A

Bacterial chromosomes are more circular as opposed to long and thin, and they have one point of origin as opposed to many

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a replication fork

A

the y shaped region on a replicating DNA where the parental strands are being unwound and new strands are being synthesized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why is RNA primer needed

A

The enzymes that synthesize DNA cannot initiate the synthesis of polynucleotides; so the initial nucleotide chain is actually a short stretch of RNA primer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does DNA polymerase do?

A

Catalyzes the synthesis of new DNA by adding nucleotides to the 3’ end of a preexisting chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Is a new DNA nucleotide added to the sugar or phosphate side of the new strand

A

The sugar or 3’ end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

leading strand vs lagging strand

A

Leading:
- 3’ - 5’ end
- DNA polymerase 3 synthesizing a complementary strand
- Continuous
Lagging:
- Synthesized in okazaki fragments
- each fragment must be primed
- DNA polymerase 1 replaces RNA with DNA nucleotides
- DNA ligase joins fragments together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a mismatch repair

A

The cellular process that uses specific enzymes to remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides

22
Q

What is the source of variation in evolution

A

mutations

23
Q

What is the benefit of telomere

A

Telometic DNA acts as a buffer zone that protects the organisms genes

24
Q

What is nucleic acid hybridization

A

The process of base pairing between a gene and a complementary sequence on another nucleic acid molecule

25
Q

define genetic engineering

A

the manipulation of genes for practical purpose

26
Q

Why does a genetic engineer need to make many copies of specific genes rather than use the whole DNA molecule

A

A single human gene might only be 1/100000 of a DNA molecule, the distinction between gene and surrounding DNA is subtle

27
Q

Whats a plasmid

A

A small-circular double-stranded DNA molecule that carries accessory genes separate from those of a bacterial chromosome

28
Q

Define recombinant DNA molecule.

A

A DNA molecule made in vitro with segments from different sources

29
Q

Define restriction enzyme

A

an endonuclease that recognizes and cuts DNA molecules foreign to bacterium cuts at specific nucleotide sequences

30
Q

What is happening during gel electrophoresis

A

Nucleic acids or proteins are separated on the basis of their size and electrical charge, both of which affect their rate of movement through an electrical field

31
Q

How can many copies of DNA be made and what is that process called

A

a polymerase chain reaction can make billions of copies of a specific target DNA

32
Q

Where is the information content of genes?

A

It is in the form of specific nucleotide sequences along the DNA

33
Q

What is “gene expression”

A

The process by which DNA directs the synthesis of proteins

34
Q

What is a gene

A

It is a unit of heredity made up of DNA, located in chromosomes

35
Q

What is an enzyme

A

An enzyme is a protein that catalyzes reactions in organisms

36
Q

What are some revisions to the one gene one enzyme hypothesis

A

One gene can code for many proteins and those proteins aren’t always enzymes. One gene one polypeptide

37
Q

What is the central dogma

A

Genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein

38
Q

What strand of DNA is the “template” strand

A

the 3’ - 5’ strand that provides the pattern or template for the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript

39
Q

What does RNA polymerase do

A

Pries the two strands of DNA apart and joins together RNA nucleotides

40
Q

Describe Transcription

A

RNA polymerase binds to the promoter. Polymerase unwinds DNA and RNA synthesis initiates at the start point. Then the polymerase moves down unwinding the JDNA and elongating RNA from 5’ - 3’. DNA reforms double helix. Then the RNA transcript is freed at termination and detaches from the DNA

41
Q

Type of RNA processing in eukaryotic cells

A

Help to facilitate export of the mature mRNA from the nucleus, prevent degradation of the mRNA molecule, and help the ribosome to attach to the mRNA

42
Q

5’ cap

A

A modified form of guanine nucleotide is added on to the 5’ end of the RNA transcript after the first 20-40 nucleotides have been transcribed

43
Q

poly-A tail

A

A sequence of 50-250 adenine nucleotides added onto the 3’ end of a pre-mRNA molecule

44
Q

RNA splicing

A

After the synthesis of a eukaryotic primary RNA transcript, the removal of portions of the transcript (introns)

45
Q

What is happening during the translation

A

An mRNA strand is moving through the ribosome, codons are matched with anti-codons on tRNA. As the tRNA continues to bring amino acids the ribosome connects them creating a growing polypeptide

46
Q

Point mutation

A

A change in a single nucleotide of a gene

47
Q

Nucleotide pair substitution

A

One nucleotide in a DNA strand and its complement are replaced

48
Q

Silent Mutation

A

A mutation that results in a codon that codes for the same amino acid

49
Q

Missense Mutations

A

A nucleotide - pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid

50
Q

Insertion

A

Nucleotides are being inserted into the strand (frameshift)

51
Q

Deletion

A

Nucleotides are being deleted from the strand (frameshift)

Biology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions