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Cellular Genetics & Cell Cycle > Molecular Basis of DNA Transcription > Flashcards

Molecular Basis of DNA Transcription Flashcards

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1
Q

What is transcription?

A

The process of mRNA synthesis during protein synthesis.

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2
Q

What is translation?

A

The process of protein synthesis from mRNA during protein synthesis.

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3
Q

Is the template strand of DNA complimentary to or the same as the RNA produced in transcription?

A

Complementary to the RNA produced.

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4
Q

Is the coding strand of DNA complimentary to or the same as the RNA produced in transcription?

A

The same as the RNA produced.

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5
Q

Name X3 ways in which RNA differs from DNA.

A

It is a single strand (DNA is double stranded)

It’s sugar is ribose (not deoxyribose)

Thymine is replaced by uracil

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6
Q

Which enzyme unravels DNA during transcription?

A

RNA polymerase.

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7
Q

What are the X3 main steps of transcription?

A

Initiation

Elongation

Termination

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8
Q

What direction does the mRNA synthesise from/to?

A

From the 5-prime to the 3-prime (of the mRNA being synthesised)

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9
Q

What does UTR stand for in relation to mRNA regions.

A

Untranslated region.

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10
Q

How many UTR regions does a strand of mRNA have?

A

X2

A 5-prime UTR and a 3-prime UTR

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11
Q

What is the name of the -10 box at the promoter site of prokaryotic DNA?

A

Pribnow box

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12
Q

What binds to the pribnow box and allows RNA polymerase to anchor to it in order to begin transcription?

A

Sigma factor

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13
Q

Which two boxes interact with RNA polymerase in the transcription of prokaryotic DNA?

A
  • 10 box (pribnow box)

- 35 box

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14
Q

What is the sequence of DNA bases that make up the pribnow box?

A

TATAAT

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15
Q

What is the name of the box in the promoter region of eukaryotic DNA?

A

TATA box

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16
Q

What name is given to the equivalent of sigma factors (in prokaryotes) in eukaryotic DNA promoter regions which aids positioning and binding of RNA polymerase for transcription?

A

Transcription factors

17
Q

How many base pairs long is the DNA-RNA helix during the elongation phase of transcription and roughly what is its speed in nucleotides/second?

A

12bp in length

Speed = 50 nucleotides/second

18
Q

What does the mRNA form when it reaches the transcriptional termination site in order to halt synthesis?

A

A G-C rich “stem loop” in which the base pairs pair together (forming the loop hence the name)

19
Q

What is splicing?

A

The removal or introns from hnmRNA to form mature mRNA including only exons.

20
Q

Why is mRNA capped?

A

It aids binding of the mRNA to ribosomes.

21
Q

What molecule caps mRNA?

A

7-methylguanosine

22
Q

Explain the bond formed in the capping of mRNA.

A

It is a 5-prime to 5-prime bond via a triphosphate bridge.

23
Q

What is polyadenylation?

A

The addition of 50-250 adenosine residues to the 3-prime end of the mRNA to provide it with stability.

24
Q

What is the name of the process whereby 50-250 adenosine residues are added to the 3-prime end of the mRNA to provide it with stability.

A

Polyadenylation

25
Q

What is the difference between coding and non-coding RNA, and give examples of each.

A

Coding = transcription and transcribed into a protein
*mRNA

Non-coding = transcripted into RNA from DNA but NOT translated into a protein.

  • tRNA (transfer)
  • rRNA (ribosomal)
  • miRNA (micro)
26
Q

Which type of RNA polymerase does mRNA use?

A

RNA polymerase 2

27
Q

Which type of RNA polymerase does rRNA use?

A

RNA polymerase 1

28
Q

Which type of RNA polymerase does tRNA use?

A

RNA polymerase 3

29
Q

What is the consequence of methylation/un-methylation on DNA?

A

Methylated DNA = genes “switched off”

Un-methylated DNA = genes “switched on”

30
Q

Does acetylated histones mean that a gene is switched on or off?

A

On

31
Q

Does deacetylated histones mean that a gene is switched on or off?

A

Off

Cellular Genetics & Cell Cycle (8 decks)

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