Molecular and Genomic Surgery Flashcards
The process that occurs during translational control of eukaryotic gene expression is __________
Protein degradation
- 4 major steps in the control of eukaryotic gene expression
- transcriptional control
- postranscriptional control
- translational control
- postranslational control
- Transcriptional and postranscriptional control determine the level of messenger RNA that is available to make a protein
- Translational and postranslation dtermine the final outcome of functional protein
Transcription mechanism that occur in eukaryotes
- Three separate RNA polymerases ar einvovled in eukaryotes
- Chromatin structure changes to allow DNA to be accessible to polymerase
- Often package with histone and nonhistone proteins into chromatins
The human genome contains approximately
25 000 to 30 000 genes
- DNA sequences of 3 billion base pairs
- 23 pairs of chromosomes
- DNA differences exist have been identified and termed single nucleotide polymorphisms
If cyclin-dependent kinase is to a cell as an engine is to a car, then cyclins and CKI are
The gas pedal and brakes respectively
*
In cellular apoptosis, the release of cytochrome activates the _____
caspase cascade
- Extracellular dearh receptor pathways include the activation of Fas and tumor necrosis receptors and consequent activation of the caspase pathway
- Intracellular death indicates the release of cytochrome c from the mictochondria which also triggers the activation of caspase cascade
Dysregulation of TGF B signalimg is associated with
- Cancer
- Marfan syndrome
- Thoracic aortic aneurysm
The only gene expression detection method that provides information regarding mRNA size is
Northern blot hybridization
- technique of size fractionation of RNA in agel and the transferring of an RNA sample to a solid support
- Determine the size and abundance of the target RNA
Cell surface receptors
- Transmitter gated ion channels
- Seven transmembrane G-protein coupled receptors
- largest family of proteins
- Enzyme linked receptors
The process of decoding information on MRNA to synthesize protein is called
- Translation
The cell cylce period in which DNA is duplicated
S phase
- M phase is the mitosis phase
- G1 = gap between M and S
- G2 = gap between S and <
- a complex of cyclin and cyclin dependent kinase control specific events of each phase
- without cyclin, CDK is inactive
In the transcription of prokaryotes, binding of RNA polymerase to a specific promoter region is achieved by
Sigma factors
- Promoter region - DNA region upstream
When performing cell culture, cells should be
Fed with fresh medium every 2 to 3 days and split when they reach confluency
- working surface areas are wiped 70 to 80% ethyl alcohol solution
- Cultured cells are usually maintained in a humidified carbon dioxide incubator at 37 degrees celsius
- Splitting a monolayer requires the detachment of cells from plates by using a trypsin or collagenase treatment.
- If cells grow continuoslt in suspension, they are split or subcultured by dilution
Gene regulation
- Introns
- control of mRNA stability
- control of export of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
- exon
- postranslation regulation
Regulator of cell cycle
CDK
- cyclin A/CDK1 and cyclin B/CDK1
- drives progression for the M phase
- cyclin A/CDK2
- primary S phase complex
- G1 cyclin D/CDK4/6 or late G1 cyclin E/CDK2
- G1-S transition
Monoclonal antibody to oncogene
Trastuzumab
- recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody directed against HER2 neu
- 40-50% reduction of recurrence
- 1/3 reduction in breast cancer mortality
