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Semester 1 > Mol Bol > Flashcards

Mol Bol Flashcards

1
Q

3´–OH terminus

A

The end of a polynucleotide that terminates with a hydroxyl group attached to the 3´-carbon of the sugar.

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2
Q

5´–P terminus

A

The end of a polynucleotide that terminates with a mono-, di- or triphosphate attached to the 5´-carbon of the sugar.

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3
Q

β-N-glycosidic bond

A

The linkage between the base and sugar of a nucleotide.

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4
Q

adenine

A

A purine base found in DNA and RNA.

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5
Q

A-form

A

A structural configuration of the double helix, present but not common in cellular DNA.

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6
Q

antiparallel

A

Refers to the arrangement of polynucleotides in the double helix, these running in opposite directions.

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7
Q

base pairing

A

The attachment of one polynucleotide to another, or one part of a polynucleotide to another part of the same polynucleotide, by base pairs.

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8
Q

B-form

A

The commonest structural conformation of the DNA double helix in living cells.

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9
Q

complementary

A

Refers to two nucleotides or nucleotide sequences that are able to base-pair with one another.

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10
Q

cytosine

A

One of the pyrimidine bases found in DNA and RNA.

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11
Q

guanine

A

One of the pyrimidine bases found in DNA and RNA.

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12
Q

hydrogen bond

A

A weak electrostatic attraction between an electronegative atom such as oxygen or nitrogen and a hydrogen atom attached to a second electronegative atom.

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13
Q

major groove

A

The larger of the two grooves that spiral around the surface of the B-form of DNA.

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14
Q

minor groove

A

The smaller of the two grooves that spiral around the surface of the B-form of DNA.

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15
Q

monomer

A

One of the structural units that are joined together to form a polymer.

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16
Q

nucleoside

A

A purine or pyrimidine base attached to a five-carbon sugar.

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17
Q

nucleotide

A

A purine or pyrimidine base attached to a five-carbon sugar, to which a mono-, di-, or triphosphate is also attached. The monomeric unit of DNA and RNA.

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18
Q

pentose

A

A sugar comprising five carbon atoms.

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19
Q

phosphodiester bond

A

The chemical link between adjacent nucleotides in a polynucleotide.

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20
Q

polymer

A

A compound made up of a long chain of identical or similar units

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21
Q

polynucleotide

A

A single-stranded DNA or RNA molecule.

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22
Q

purine

A

One of the two types of nitrogenous base found in nucleotides.

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23
Q

pyrimidine

A

One of the two types of nitrogenous base found in nucleotides.

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24
Q

thymine

A

One of the pyrimidine bases found in DNA.

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25
Q

Z-DNA

A

A conformation of DNA in which the two polynucleotides are wound into a left-handed helix.

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26
Q

complex multigene family

A

A type of multigene family in which the genes have similar nucleotide sequences, but are sufficiently different to code for proteins with distinctive properties.

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27
Q

discontinuous gene

A

A gene that is split into exons and introns.

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28
Q

exon

A

A coding region within a discontinuous gene.

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29
Q

intergenic DNA

A

The regions of a genome that do not contain genes.

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30
Q

intron

A

A noncoding region within a discontinuous gene

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31
Q

kilobase pair (kb)

A

1000 base pairs.

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32
Q

megabase pair (Mb)

A

1000 kb; 1,000,000 bp.

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33
Q

molecular clock

A

A device based on the inferred mutation rate that enables times to be assigned to the branch points in a gene tree.

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34
Q

multigene family

A

A group of genes, clustered or dispersed, with related nucleotide sequences.

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35
Q

pseudogene

A

An inactivated and hence non-functional copy of a gene.

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36
Q

simple multigene family

A

A multigene family in which all of the genes are the same.

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37
Q

tandem array

A

A set of identical or very similar genes that are arranged one after the other in a group.

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38
Q

buoyant density

A

The density possessed by a molecule or particle when suspended in an aqueous salt or sugar solution.

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39
Q

conservative replication

A

A hypothetical mode of DNA replication in which one daughter double helix is made up of the two parental polynucleotides and the other is made up of two newly synthesized polynucleotides.

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40
Q

dispersive replication

A

A hypothetical mode of DNA replication in which both polynucleotides of each daughter double helix are made up partly of parental DNA and partly of newly synthesized DNA.

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41
Q

DNA topoisomerase

A

An enzyme that introduces or removes turns from the double helix by breakage and reunion of one or both polynucleotides.

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42
Q

plectonemic

A

Refers to a helix whose strands can only be separated by unwinding.

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43
Q

semiconservative replication

A

The mode of DNA replication in which each daughter double helix is made up of one polynucleotide from the parent and one newly synthesized polynucleotide.

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44
Q

type I topoisomerase

A

A topoisomerase that makes a single-stranded break in a double-stranded DNA molecule.

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45
Q

type II topoisomerase

A

A topoisomerase that makes a double-stranded break in a double-stranded DNA molecule.

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46
Q

3´→5´ exonuclease

A

An enzyme that sequentially removes nucleotides in the 3´→5´ direction from the end of a nucleic acid molecule.

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47
Q

5´→3´ exonuclease

A

An enzyme that sequentially removes nucleotides in the 5´→3´ direction from the end of a nucleic acid molecule

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48
Q

DNA polymerase III

A

The main DNA replicating enzyme of bacteria.

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49
Q

DNA polymerase α

A

The enzyme that primes DNA replication in eukaryotes.

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50
Q

DNA polymerase δ

A

The main eukaryotic DNA replicating enzyme.

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51
Q

DNA-dependent DNA polymerase

A

An enzyme that makes a DNA copy of a DNA template.

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52
Q

leading strand

A

The strand of the double helix which is copied in a continuous fashion during genome replication.

53
Q

primase

A

The RNA polymerase enzyme that synthesizes RNA primers during bacterial DNA replication.

54
Q

replication fork

A

replication fork

55
Q

single-strand binding protein (SSB)

A

One of the proteins that attach to single-stranded DNA in the region of the replication fork, preventing base pairs forming between the two parent strands before they have been copied.

56
Q

DNA ligase

A

An enzyme that synthesizes phosphodiester bonds as part of DNA replication, repair and recombination processes.

57
Q

DNA polymerase I

A

The bacterial enzyme that completes synthesis of Okazaki fragments during genome replication.

58
Q

FEN1

A

The ‘flap endonuclease’ involved in replication of the lagging strand in eukaryotes.

59
Q

lagging strand

A

The strand of the double helix which is copied in a discontinuous fashion during genome replication.

60
Q

Okazaki fragment

A

One of the short segments of RNA-primed DNA synthesized during replication of the lagging strand of the double helix.

61
Q

telomerase

A

The enzyme that maintains the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes by synthesizing telomeric repeat sequences.

62
Q

gamma-complex

A

A multisubunit bacterial protein that attaches and detaches DNA polymerase III during copying of the lagging strand.

63
Q

helicase

A

An enzyme that breaks base pairs in a double-stranded DNA molecule.

64
Q

origin of replication

A

A site on a DNA molecule where replication initiates.

65
Q

prepriming complex

A

A protein complex including the DnaB helicase which initiates construction of a replication fork on a bacterial DNA molecule.

66
Q

primosome

A

A protein complex including the DnaB helicase and primase involved in initiation of DNA replication in bacteria.

67
Q

proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)

A

An accessory protein involved in DNA replication in eukaryotes, whose function is to hold DNA polymerase  tightly to the DNA.

68
Q

terminator sequence

A

One of several sequences on a bacterial genome involved in termination of genome replication.

69
Q

Tus

A

The protein that binds to a bacterial terminator sequence and mediates termination of genome replication.

70
Q

30 nm chromatin fiber.

A

A relatively unpacked form of chromatin consisting of a possibly helical array of nucleosomes in a fiber approximately 30 nm in diameter.beads-on-a-string

71
Q

beads-on-a-string

A

An unpacked form of chromatin consisting of nucleosome beads on a string of DNA.

72
Q

centromere

A

The constricted region of a chromosome that is the position at which the pair of chromatids are held together.

73
Q

chromatid

A

The arm of a chromosome.

74
Q

chromatin

A

The complex of DNA and histone proteins found in chromosomes.

75
Q

chromatosome

A

A subcomponent of chromatin made up of a nucleosome core octamer with associated DNA and a linker histone.

76
Q

constitutive heterochromatin

A

Chromatin that is permanently in a compact organization.

77
Q

core octamer

A

The central component of a nucleosome, made up of two subunits each of histones H2A, H2B, H3 and H4, around which DNA is wound.

78
Q

euchromatin

A

Regions of a eukaryotic chromosome that are relatively uncondensed, thought to contain active genes.

79
Q

facultative heterochromatin

A

Chromatin that has a compact organization in some, but not all cells, thought to contain genes that are inactive in some cells or at some periods of the cell cycle.

80
Q

heterochromatin

A

Chromatin that is relatively condensed and is thought to contain DNA that is not being transcribed.

81
Q

histone

A

One of the basic proteins found in nucleosomes.

82
Q

interphase

A

The period between cell divisions.

83
Q

karyogram

A

The entire chromosome complement of a cell, with each chromosome described in terms of its appearance at metaphase.

84
Q

5-bromouracil (5-bU)

A

A base analog that can cause mutations by replacing thymine in a DNA molecule.

85
Q

(6–4) lesion

A

A dimer between two adjacent pyrimidine bases in a polynucleotide, formed by ultraviolet irradiation.

86
Q

alkylating agent

A

A mutagen that acts by adding alkyl groups to nucleotide bases.

87
Q

AP (apurinic/apyrimidinic) site

A

A position in a DNA molecule where the base component of the nucleotide is missing.

88
Q

base analog

A

A compound whose structural similarity to one of the bases in DNA enables it to act as a mutagen.

89
Q

baseless site

A

A position in a DNA molecule where the base component of the nucleotide is missing.

90
Q

cyclobutyl dimer

A

A dimer between two adjacent pyrimidine bases in a polynucleotide, formed by ultraviolet irradiation.

91
Q

deaminating agent

A

A mutagen that acts by removing amino groups from nucleotide bases.

92
Q

ethidium bromide

A

A type of intercalating agent that causes mutations by inserting between adjacent base pairs in a double-stranded DNA molecule.

93
Q

ethylmethane sulfonate (EMS)

A

A mutagen that acts by adding alkyl groups to nucleotide bases.

94
Q

intercalating agent

A

A compound that can enter the space between adjacent base pairs of a double-stranded DNA molecule, often causing mutations.

95
Q

mismatch

A

A position in a double-stranded DNA molecule where base-pairing does not occur because the nucleotides are not complementary; in particular, a non-base-paired position resulting from an error in replication.

96
Q

mutagen

A

A chemical or physical agent that can cause a mutation in a DNA molecule.

97
Q

mutation

A

An alteration in the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule.

98
Q

photoproduct

A

A modified nucleotide resulting from treatment of DNA with ultraviolet radiation

99
Q

tautomers

A

Structural isomers that are in dynamic equilibrium.

100
Q

Ada enzyme

A

An Escherichia coli enzyme that is involved in the direct repair of alkylation mutations.

101
Q

AP endonuclease

A

AP endonuclease

102
Q

direct repair

A

A DNA repair system that acts directly on a damaged nucleotide.

103
Q

DNA glycosylase

A

An enzyme that cleaves the \beta-N-glycosidic bond between a base and the sugar component of a nucleotide as part of the base excision and mismatch repair processes.

104
Q

DNA photolyase

A

A bacterial enzyme involved in repair of base dimers.

105
Q

DNA repair

A

The biochemical processes that correct mutations arising from replication errors and the effects of mutagenic agents.

106
Q

excision repair

A

A DNA repair process that corrects various types of DNA damage by excising and resynthesizing a region of polynucleotide.

107
Q

MGMT (O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase)

A

An enzyme involved in the direct repair of alkylation mutations.

108
Q

mismatch repair

A

A DNA repair process that corrects mismatched nucleotide pairs by replacing the incorrect nucleotide in the daughter polynucleotide.

109
Q

nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ)

A

Another name for the double-strand break repair process.

110
Q

deletion mutation

A

A mutation resulting from deletion of one or more base pairs from a DNA sequence.

111
Q

frameshift mutation

A

A mutation resulting from insertion or deletion of a group of base pairs that is not a multiple of three and which therefore changes the frame in which translation occurs.

112
Q

insertion mutation

A

A mutation that arises by insertion of one or more base pairs into a DNA sequence.

113
Q

inversion

A

A mutation which involve excision of a portion of a DNA molecule followed by its reinsertion at the same position but in the reverse orientation.

114
Q

nonsense mutation

A

An alteration in a nucleotide sequence that changes a triplet coding for an amino acid into a termination codon.

115
Q

nonsynonymous mutation

A

A mutation that converts a codon for one amino acid into a codon for a second amino acid.

116
Q

point mutation

A

A mutation that results from a single base pair change in a DNA molecule.

117
Q

readthrough mutation

A

A mutation that changes a termination codon into a codon specifying an amino acid, and hence results in readthrough of the termination codon.

118
Q

second site reversion

A

second site reversion

119
Q

silent mutation

A

A change in a DNA sequence that has no effect on the expression or functioning of any gene or gene product.

120
Q

synonymous mutation

A

A mutation that changes a codon into a second codon that specifies the same amino acid.

121
Q

A mutation that changes a codon into a second codon that specifies the same amino acid.

A

A point mutation that replaces a purine with another purine, or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine.

122
Q

transversion

A

A point mutation that involves a purine being replaced by a pyrimidine, or vice versa.

123
Q

aneuploid

A

A diploid chromosome set that is missing one chromosome.

124
Q

carrier

A

An individual who has one normal and one defective allele for a gene responsible for an inherited disease, but does not suffer from the disease because the effect of the defective allele is masked by the presence of the unmutated gene.

125
Q

haploinsufficiency

A

The situation where inactivation of one of a pair of gene results in a change in the phenotype of the mutant organism.

126
Q

monosomy

A

The presence of a single copy of a pair of chromosomes in a nucleus that is otherwise diploid.

127
Q

Philadelphia chromosome

A

An abnormal chromosome resulting from a translocation between human chromosomes 9 and 22, a common cause of chronic myeloid leukaemia.

128
Q

trisomy

A

The presence of three copies of a chromosome in a nucleus that is otherwise diploid.

Semester 1 (4 decks)

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