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modules 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is meant by the term structural isomers?

A

(compounds or molecules having the) same molecular

formula but different structural formulae 

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2
Q

A molecule of an alkane has 24 carbon atoms.State the empirical formulae of this alkane.

A

C12H25 

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3
Q

Construct an equation for the complete combustion of octane C8H18.

A

C8H18 + 12½O2 ⎯→ 8CO 2 + 9H 2O

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4
Q

Alkanes in crude oil can be used to manufacture ethene. Two stages are required.
Name the two stages.

A

Fractional distillation AND cracking

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5
Q

write an equation for the preparation of ethene from an alkane.

A

C10H22 ⎯→ C8H18 + C2H4

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6
Q

Give the formula of an acidic toxic gas that could form during combustion of polymer

A

HCl

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7
Q

State two properties that made CFCs suitable for use as an aerosol.

A

Low reactivity OR will not burn/non-flammable
Volatile OR low boiling point
non-poisonous OR non-toxic

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8
Q

Explain the following statements, using equations where appropriate.
• Life on Earth benefits from the presence of an ozone layer.
• The concentration of ozone is maintained in the ozone layer.
• Compound G produces radicals which catalyse the breakdown of ozone.

A 
Benefit of ozone layer to life (1 mark)
 Ozone absorbs UV (radiation)
UV at Earth’s surface is reduced
 Maintenance of O3 concentration (1 mark)
 O3 O2 + O 
Production of radicals from G (1 mark)
CF2Cl2 ⎯→ C l + CF2Cl 
Breakdown of O3 (2 marks)
 Cl + O3 ⎯→ C lO + O2 
 ClO + O ⎯→ Cl + O2
OR ClO + O3 ⎯→ Cl + 2O2
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9
Q

What happens to molecules when infrared radiation is absorbed?

A

bond vibrates (more)
OR bond bends (more)
OR bond stretches (more) 

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10
Q

What is meant by the term homologous series?

A

(series of compounds with the) same functional group
OR same/similar chemical properties
OR same/similar chemical reactions 
each successive/subsequent member differing by CH2

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11
Q

raw a labelled diagram to show the formation of the π-bond.

A

First mark
diagram on left with p-orbitals labelled
OR unlabelled diagram AND the statement: (sideways)
overlap of p orbitals 
Second mark
(labelled) diagram on right showing π-bond

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12
Q

What does a curly arrow represent in mechanisms?

A

Movement of an electron pair 

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13
Q

What is meant by the term nucleophile?

A

Electron pair donor 

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14
Q

Outline the mechanism for the monochlorination of 1-bromopropane.In your mechanism, you can show the formula of 1-bromopropane as C3H7Br.Include the names of the three stages in this mechanism, state the essential conditions and all termination steps.

A 
(Initiation)
 Cl2 ⎯→ 2C l AND UV 
(Propagation)
C3H7Br + Cl ⎯→ C 3H6Br + HCl 
C3H6Br + Cl2 ⎯→ C 3H6BrCl + Cl 
(Termination)
Two from the three termination equations below 
2Cl ⎯→ Cl2 
C3H6Br + Cl ⎯→ C 3H6BrCl
2C3H6Br ⎯→ C 6H12Br2
names of steps initiation, propagation and termination linked
to one correct equation for each step in this mechanism
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15
Q

Radical substitution produces a mixture of organic products.Suggest two reasons why.

A 
further substitution
OR
produces different termination products
OR
More than one termination step
substitution at different positions along chain 
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16
Q

State the general formula for these cycloalkanes.

A

CnH2n

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17
Q

Explain the increase in boiling points of the cycloalkanes shown in the table.

A 
More carbons (in ring)
OR
more (surface area of) contact
AND
more van der Waals forces
OR stronger van der Waals forces 
More energy needed to break the intermolecular forces
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18
Q

The C–C–C bond angles in cyclohexane are 109.5°.

State and explain the shape around each carbon atom in cyclohexane.

A

tetrahedral 

four bonding pairs repel OR four bonds repel 

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19
Q

Suggest one advantage of adding cyclohexane to hexane in petrol.

A

Cyclohexane will burn more efficiently

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20
Q

Explain what is meant by the term stereoisomers.

A 
(Compounds with the) same structural formula but a
different arrangement (of atoms) in space 
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21
Q

In the presence of ultraviolet radiation, cyclohexane reacts with bromine.
A mixture of cyclic organic compounds is formed, including C6H11Br
Complete the table below to show the mechanism of the reaction between bromine and cyclohexane to form C6H11Br.
Include all possible termination steps in your answer.

A 
Initiation
Br2  2Br• 
Propagation
C6H12 + Br•  C6H11• + HBr 
C6H11• + Br2  C6H11Br + Br• 
Termination
C6H11• + Br•  C6H11Br
C6H11 • + C6H11 •  C12H22
Br• + Br•  Br2
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22
Q

Explain why the initiation step is an example of homolytic fission

A

The breaking of a (Br-Br) bond AND forms (two) radicals
OR
the breaking of a (Br-Br) bond AND one electron (from the
bond pair) goes to each atom/bromine 

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23
Q

Suggest how the methoxide ion can act as a nucleophile.

A

It is an electron pair donor OR can donate a lone pair 

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24
Q

Explain how sodium hydrogencarbonate removes hydrogen chloride.

A

Sodium hydrogencarbonate neutralises HCl 

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25
Q

The greenhouse effect of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is dependent on two factors.
What are these two factors?

A

abundance (in atmosphere) OR amount (in atmosphere)
OR (atmospheric) concentration OR percentage (in air) 
OR
ability to absorb infrared/IR (radiation)
OR
residence time 

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26
Q

reaction in catalytic converters?

A

2NO + 2CO 2CO2 + N2 

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27
Q

Suggest why 2-methylbut-2-ene is less soluble in water than either of the structural isomers formed.

A

Does not contain OH group(s)
OR does not contain hydroxyl group(s)
OR is not an alcohol 
Does not form hydrogen bonds with water 

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28
Q

Describe the oxidation reactions of propan-1-ol when using a suitable oxidising agent.Indicate how the use of different reaction conditions can control which organic product forms.
Include reagents, observations and equations in your answer.
In your equations, use structural formulae and use [O] to represent the oxidising agent.

A

Reagents: Acid/H+
and (potassium or sodium) dichromate/Cr2O7
2-
seen once
Observations: Orange to Green OR Orange to Blue
Distillation / Distil produces aldehyde/CH3CH2CHO: 
CH3CH2CH2OH + [O] CH3CH2CHO + H2O 
Reflux (of propan-1-ol) produces carboxylic acid/CH3CH2COOH

CH3CH2CH2OH + 2[O] CH3CH2COOH + H2O 

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29
Q

The branched-chain isomer B has a lower boiling point than the straight chain alkane A.
Explain why.

A

B has less surface (area of) contact OR ORA
AND
B has fewer van der Waals’ forces OR B has weaker
van der Waals’ forces OR ORA 
So less energy needed to break the intermolecular forces
in B OR ORA 

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30
Q

Why does the petroleum industry process straight-chain alkanes into cyclic hydrocarbons?

A

Cyclic hydrocarbons promote efficient combustion 

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31
Q

The mechanism of the reaction involves three steps, one of which is called termination.Describe the mechanism of the reaction that forms iodomethane and hydrogen bromide.Include in your answer:
• the name of the mechanism
• the names for the othertwo steps of the mechanism
• equations for these two steps of the mechanism
• the type of bond fission• one equation for a termination step.
Your answer should link the named steps to the relevant equations.

A 
(free) radical substitution 
(Initiation step)
IBr  Br + I 
homolytic fission 
(Propagation steps)
Br + CH4  HBr + CH3 
CH3 + IBr  CH3I + Br 
(Termination steps)
I + CH3  CH3I
OR Br + Br  Br2
OR I + I  I2
OR Br + CH3  CH3Br
OR CH3 + CH3  C2H6
OR I + Br  IBr 
QWC propagation linked to correct equations
Br + CH4  HBr + CH3
CH3 + IBr  CH3I + Br
AND initiation linked to correct equation
IBr  Br + I 
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32
Q

Describe and explain, using equations, how the concentration of ozone in the stratosphere is maintained.

A

O3  O2 + O AND O + O2  O3 
rate of ozone decomposition (almost) equals rate of ozone
formation 

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33
Q

n the stratosphere,NOcatalyses the breakdown of ozone.

Write two equations to show how NO catalyses this breakdown.

A

NO + O3  NO2 + O2 

NO2 + O  NO + O2 

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34
Q

Give an everyday use for infrared spectroscopy.

A

Monitor air pollution OR breathalysers 

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35
Q

CFCs were once used as propellants but have now been replaced by biodegradable alternatives.
State one type of a biodegradable alternative.

A

HCFCs OR hydrocarbons OR HFCs 

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36
Q

Explain why this manufacture of poly(propenenitrile) has a 100% atom economy.

A

All the reactants are made into the desired product
OR
it is an addition reaction 

37
Q

Explain why crude oil can be separated into different fractions.

A

Because hydrocarbons have different boiling points 

38
Q

Many scientists believe that we should use more fuels such as biodiesel or bio-ethanol rather than petrol and diesel.
Suggest one reason why these scientists take this view.

A

Bio-fuels produce less carbon dioxide (overall) OR petrol
or diesel produce more carbon dioxide (overall) 
Bio-fuels are renewable OR petrol and diesel are nonrenewable

Allows crude oil to be used to make other products OR
petrochemicals (rather than petrol) OR Save crude oil OR
no risk of large scale pollution from exploitation of crude oil

39
Q

When C12H26 is cracked, a variety of alkanes and alkenes are formed with different chain lengths.Explain why a variety of alkanes and alkenes are formed with different chain lengths.

A

Idea that carbon–carbon bonds can break anywhere 

40
Q

Draw and explain the shape of an ethene molecule.State the H–C–H bond angle in ethene.

A

120o 
Three areas of electron density repel each other 
correct drawn shape

41
Q

When burnt in excess oxygen, ethene completely combusts.Write the equation for the complete combustion of ethene.

A

C2H4 + 3O2  2CO2 + 2H2O 

42
Q

Ethane-1,2-diol is much less volatile than ethanol.

Suggest why.

A

Ethane-1,2-diol has more OH groups (than ethanol) 
Stronger hydrogen bonding (between ethane-1,2-diol
molecules) 

43
Q

State two modern analytical techniques that scientists can use to monitor environmental pollution.

A 
IR (spectroscopy) 
Mass spectrometry 
UV (spectroscopy) 
NMR 
GC 
44
Q

Explain why it is important to establish international cooperation to reduce pollution levels.

A

Idea that pollution travels (across country) borders
OR idea that all countries contribute towards pollution
OR Cooperation means that scientists can share ideas
OR scientists can warn governments of risk
OR world-wide legislation can be introduced
OR allows monitoring of pollution in different countries
OR richer countries can help poorer countries introduce
pollution controls
OR One country cannot control pollution unless all
countries do 

45
Q

Explain how atmospheric methane molecules can contribute to global warming.

A

Absorbs IR radiation 

Bonds vibrate 

46
Q

Give two reasons why the termination reactions results in many organic products of the reaction between bromine and ethane.

A

More than one C–H bond can be substituted OR multisubstitution
can occur OR more than one substitution can
happen 
Lots of termination steps 
termination steps can give products that will also react with
(bromine) radicals 

47
Q

State and explain the difference in the rates of hydrolysis of 1-bromopentane and 1-chloropentane.

A

1-bromopentane reacts faster OR 1-chloropentane reacts
slower 
C–Cl stronger bond (than C–Br bond)
OR C–Cl shorter bond (than C–Br bond)
OR C–Cl bond is harder to break
OR needs more energy to break C–Cl bond
OR bond enthalpy of C–Cl greater (than C–Br bond) 

48
Q 
1-Iodobutane also reacts with methoxide ions.Indicate, by placing a tick in one of the boxes, how the use of 1-iodobutane would affect the rate of reaction compared with that of 1-bromobutane.
1-Iodobutane does not change the rate
1-Iodobutane increases the rate
1-Iodobutane decreases the rate
Explain your answer.
A 
1-Iodobutane increases the rate
AND
C—I bonds are weaker (than C—Br)
OR C—I bond has a lower bond enthalpy
OR C—I bond needs a smaller amount of energy to break
OR C—I bond is easier to break 
49
Q

Explain why compound A is both saturated and a hydrocarbon.

A

(a compound) with no double bond (or triple bond) 

containing hydrogen and carbon only 

50
Q

Explain why the petroleum industry processes straight chain alkanes into cyclic hydrocarbons.

A

Cyclic hydrocarbons have more efficient combustion 

51
Q

What is meant by the term functional group?

A

Group of atoms (in a molecule or compound) that is

responsible for the reactions 

52
Q

What is meant by the term radical ?

A

has an unpaired electron 

53
Q

Explain why the overall process to make sulfuric acid has an atom economy of 100%.

A

Only one (desired) product formed 

54
Q

State the three-dimensional shape of a CF2Cl2 molecule and the F–C–Cl bond angle.

A

Shape – tetrahedral 

Bond angle 109.5o 

55
Q

State one other reason why CF2Cl2 was developed for use as an aerosol.

A

Volatile OR non-toxic OR non-flammable OR easily

vaporised 

56
Q

Suggest why CF2Cl2 does not hydrolyse in water.

A

(C–F or C–Cl ) bonds need a large amount of energy to

break 

57
Q

Explain, with the aid of equations, how the presence of CFCs in the upper atmosphere leads to ozone depletion.

A 
CF2Cl2  CF2Cl + Cl 
AND ANY TWO FROM
Cl catalyses the decomposition of ozone 
Cl + O3  ClO + O2 
ClO + O  Cl + O2 
58
Q

Why are scientists concerned about ozone depletion?

A

Because (more) UV will reach the Earth’s surface and risk
of (skin) cancer increased/risk of cataracts/crop mutation
increased 

59
Q

nternational agreements have reduced the use of CFCs. However the concentration of atmospheric CFCs has hardly changed. Suggest two reasons why.

A

Ideas related to uses
CFCs are still entering the atmosphere (from disused
items) OR CFCs are still used (for some purposes and by
some countries) 
Ideas relating to lifetime within the atmosphere
CFCs have a long lifetime in the atmosphere OR it takes a
long time for CFCs to reach upper atmosphere OR CFCs
are inert 

60
Q

what is the general formula of a member of the alcohol homologous series?

A

CnH2n + 1OH 

61
Q

At room temperature and pressure, the first four members of the alcohol homologous series are liquids whereas the first four members of the alkanes homologous series are gases.
Explain this difference.

A

Alkanes have van der Waals’ intermolecular forces 
Alcohols have hydrogen bonds (and van der Waals’ forces) 
Hydrogen bonds are stronger (than van der Waals’ forces)
OR ORA 

62
Q

Methylpropan-1-ol and butan-1-ol are structural isomers. Methylpropan-1-ol has a lower boiling point than butan-1-ol.
Suggest why.

A

Methylpropan-1-ol has weaker van der Waals’ forces (than
butan-1-ol) OR ORA 
Methylpropan-1-ol has less surface contact (than butan-1-ol)
OR ORA
OR
Methylpropan-1-ol has more branching (than butan-1-ol) OR
ORA 

63
Q

Write equations for the complete and incomplete combustion of methanol.

A

CH3OH + 1½O2  CO2 + 2H2O 

CH3OH + O2  CO + 2H2O 

64
Q

Suggest what conditions might lead to incomplete combustion of methanol.

A

insufficient supply of oxygen
OR limited amount of air
OR poorly ventilated 

65
Q

State another large-scale use of methanol.

A

Feedstock (in manufacture of organic compounds)
OR manufacture of biodiesel
OR manufacture of esters. 

66
Q

Write an equation for the formation of NO2 from nitrogen monoxide and oxygen.

A

2NO + O2  2NO2 

67
Q

Describe, with the aid of equations, how nitrogen monoxide catalyses ozone depletion in the stratosphere.

A

NO is not consumed
OR overall reaction is O3 + O  2O2 
NO + O3  NO2 + O2 
NO2 + O  NO + O2 

68
Q

Outline the use of infrared spectroscopy in identifying air pollutants such as NOx.

A

To identify the functional groups (in pollutants)
OR to identify the bonds (in pollutants) 
Match spectrum to known pollutants
OR each pollutant will have a different spectrum 
Idea that you can measure the concentration or abundance of
pollutant 

69
Q

Suggest two reasons why it is a good idea to find uses for the carbon dioxide produced.

A 
Less waste products
OR better sustainability
OR get 100% atom economy 
(Stops) greenhouse gas emitted
OR (stops) gas that (may) cause global warming 
70
Q

Some scientists believe that it is more important to have a high percentage yield in fermentation but others think that a high atom economy is more important.Is it more important to have high percentage yield or a high atom economy in fermentation?
Explain your answer.

A

High percentage yield with a simple reason
e.g. because the aim is to manufacture ethanol;
to reduce waste; increases sustainability 
BUT
High percentage yield because there is very efficient
conversion from reactant to product
OR to reduce the waste of starting materials 
OR
High atom economy with a simple reason
e.g. because it is cheaper or makes less harmful products;
to reduces waste; increases sustainability 
BUT
High atom economy to reduce the amount of waste products
OR less by products
OR more desired product 

71
Q

Explain why some molecules show E/Z isomerism.

A 
Non rotating (carbon–carbon) double bond 
Each carbon atom of the double bond attached to (two)
different groups/atoms 
72
Q

Suggest why poly(ethenol) dissolves in water.

A

Poly(ethenol) has (many) O–H group(s) 

Poly(ethenol) forms hydrogen bonds with water 

73
Q

One way of disposing of poly(chloroethene) is incineration. This process can cause environmental damage. Incineration produces a mixture of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and hydrogen chloride. Carbon dioxide can cause climate change because it is a greenhouse gas.
• Describe examples of environmental damage that may result from carbon monoxide and hydrogen chloride.
• Outline the methods developed by chemists to reduce environmental damage caused by incineration.

A

CO is a poisonous gas 
HCl is acidic/forms acid rain OR corrosive
OR HCl will react with metalwork
OR HCl will react with marble/limestone buildings 
ANY TWO METHODS FROM:
Method 1 Remove HCl by reacting with a base
OR remove HCl by use of a gas scrubber 
Method 2 Develop ways of ensuring all CO is oxidised to CO2
OR ensure complete combustion to avoid making CO 
Method 3 Remove CO2 by CCS 
Method 4 (Use methods to remove the need for incineration
such as) separation AND recycling of the plastics/polymers 
Method 5 (Use methods to remove the need for incineration
such as) developing biodegradable/compostable
plastics/polymers 

74
Q

Explain why it is important to establish international cooperation to reduce the pollution levels of waste plastics.

A

Idea that all countries contribute towards pollution 
Idea that atmospheric pollution (from incineration travels)
across borders
OR waste plastics travel across borders
/ waste plastics travel across the sea 
Cooperation means that scientists can share ideas
OR scientists can warn governments of risk
OR world-wide legislation can be introduced
OR allows monitoring of pollution in different countries
OR richer countries can help poorer countries introduce
pollution controls 
One country cannot control pollution unless all countries do 

75
Q

Fractional distillation is used to separate useful hydrocarbons found in crude oil.Explain, in terms of intermolecular forces, how fractional distillation works.

A

(The hydrocarbons have) different boiling points 
The larger the molecules the stronger the van der Waals’
forces 

76
Q

Deduce the general formula of a cycloalkane.

A

CnH2n 

77
Q

Explain why cyclohexene is described as unsaturated and as a hydrocarbon.

A

Unsaturated: Contains (at least one) carbon–carbon
double bond OR C=C OR multiple carbon–carbon bond 
hydrocarbon: Contains hydrogen and carbon only 

78
Q

The reaction between chlorine and cyclohexane is an example of radical substitution.
State one problem of using this reaction to prepare a sample of chlorocyclohexane.

A

More than one hydrogen atom is substituted
OR ‘multisubstitution’ (by chlorine)
OR further substitution occurs 

79
Q

Explain the bonding in a C=C double bond. Use the orbital overlap model.

A

(Sideways) overlap of p orbitals 

Forming a π/pi bond 

80
Q

Suggest why the average bond enthalpy of a C=C bond is not twice the bond enthalpy of a C–C bond.

A

π bond is weaker (than the σ bond)

OR σ bond is stronger (than the π bond) 

81
Q

Describe and explain the factors that affect the rate of hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes. Include ideas about • the halogen in the halogenoalkanes
• the groups attached to the carbon of the carbon–halogen bond (the type of halogenoalkane)
• the temperature of the hydrolysis.In your answer you should link the evidence with your explanation.

A

Any correct comparison of rate OR reaction time between at
least TWO of chloroalkane, bromoalkane and iodoalkane 
Bond strength OR bond enthalpy/bond energy mentioned
anywhere as a factor (even if reasoning is incorrect) 
Any correct comparison of
bond strength
OR bond enthalpy/energy
OR bond length
OR ease of breaking
of at least TWO of C–Cl, C–Br and C–I 
Any correct comparison of rate or reaction time between at
least TWO of the bromoalkanes 
A sensible comparison of
bond strength
OR bond enthalpy/energy
OR bond length
OR ease of breaking
of the C–Br bond in at least TWO of the bromoalkanes 
Effect of temperature (2 marks)
QWC – Use of 50 ºC and 60 ºC using information in the table
to show that rate increases with temperature 
At higher temperature, particles have more energy
OR At higher temperature, particles move faster 

82
Q

The combustion of waste polymers can be used for energy production.What problem is caused by disposing of PTFE and PVC in this way?

A 
(PVC) produces hydrogen chloride
OR produces acidic gases
OR (PVC) produces phosgene
OR produces toxic gases
OR (PVC) produces dioxins 
83
Q

What evidence is there in the spectrum that the pollutant may be a hydrocarbon rather than an alcohol or a carbonyl compound?

A

No absorption between 1640 and 1750 cm–1
AND
no (broad) absorption between 3200
and 3550 cm–1

84
Q

Suggest why biodiesel is not completely carbon-neutral.

A

(Energy needed) for processing biofuel makes

carbon dioxide 

85
Q

Suggest disadvantages or advantages, other than being carbon-neutral, of using more biofuels.

A 
Fossil fuels are finite resources
OR biofuels are renewable 
Allows fossil fuels to be used as a feedstock for
organic compounds 
Less food crops may be grown
OR Land not used to grow food crops 
(rain) forests have to be cut down to provide land
OR deforestation 
Shortage of fertile soils
OR reduces fertility of soils 
No risk of large scale pollution from exploitation of
fossil fuels 
86
Q

Explain why the boiling points increase down the alkane homologous series.

A

More surface contact OR bigger molecules 

More van der Waals’ forces 

87
Q

Both NO and CO are atmospheric pollutants. For each pollutant, describe one environmental problem.

A

NO for photochemical smog OR low level ozone 

CO is toxic 

88
Q

Describe the benefits and disadvantages of changing from diesel to biodiesel.

A

Save crude oil OR no risk of large scale pollution from
exploitation of crude oil 
Biodiesel is renewable OR diesel is non-renewable 
Use of biodiesel is (more) carbon-neutral OR plants take up
the carbon dioxide released during combustion 
and one disadvantage
Land not used to grow food crops OR (rain)forests have to
be cut down to provide land OR food prices may rise
because less is grown 

89
Q

Outline two ways in which waste polymers can be processed to reduce their environmental impact.

A

Incineration to produce energy OR combustion to produce
energy 
Sorting and recycling OR sorting and remoulding 
Cracked (to give monomers) OR as an organic feedstock 

chemistry year 1 (7 decks)

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