Modules 3 +4 Flashcards
What is an ecozone?
A significant area of the planet that has its own unique fauna and flora. There are eight ecozones in all.
What is an ecosystem?
A geographic area that consists of organisms (plants, animals, etc.) and non-living things such as weather and landscape.
Name 2 species that are invasive in Ontario
Phragmites australis (common reed)
Asian long-horned beetle
Where does phragmites grow and why is it difficult to eradicate?
It grows everywhere and anywhere there’s moisture! Especially in wet areas such as ditches and swales or small bodies of water like ponds. Native to Asia or Europe and in NA it’s invasive. It’s difficult to eradicate because it has rhizomes.
Which tree do Asian long-horned beetles like to eat?
Maples
What happens if an Asian long-horned beetle is spotted?
A quarantine is placed on the area where it’s spotted and maintenance is done until they’re eradicated.
What is a habitat?
The environment in which an animal or plant lives and grows.
What are 4 environments that are contain good examples of plants that have had to make adaptations?
Tropical rain forest
Desert
Tundra
Water
What is the scientific name for plants that have adapted to a water environment? Give 3 characteristics of these plants. (There are 5 listed).
Hydrophytes
Characteristics:
-Flexible leaves and stems so they don’t break in water
-Air spaces in stems that keep them afloat
-Nutrients and gasses absorbed by the leaves directly from the water
-Reduced or absent root system
-Floating leaves, upper side of leaves has chlorophyll and waxy coating
What is the scientific name for plants that have adapted to a desert environment? Give 5 characteristics of these plants. (There are 8 listed).
Xerophytes
Characteristics:
-Store water in leaves and stems (succulents)
-“Leafless” plants (spines are adapted leaves)
-Long root system to get groundwater or wide root system to cover a lot of area
-Hairy leaves (insulates to keep cool)
-Spines
-Waxy Coating to contain moisture
-Opens flowers at night because pollinators are active at night
-Slow growth
Give 3 characteristics of a plant that has adapted to the tundra environment. (There are 5 listed.)
- short growing plants
-dark in colour to sun-max
-covered with hair for insulation
-growing in clumps to conserve heat
-dish-like flowers so when sun hits flower the light is reflected to the centre of the flower which hosts reproductive structures
Give 3 characteristics of a plant that has adapted to the tropical rainforest environment. (There are 5 listed)
- smooth bark
-waxy surface
-buttresses and prop roots to keep plants upright
-flowers near forest floor to lure animal pollinators
-shallow roots (bc lots of rain) - climbing plants, epiphytes with water reservoirs
Give 3 (of 5) characteristics of a desert environment.
-hot and dry
-direct sunlight
-sandy/rocky soil
-strong winds
-extreme temperatures
Give 3 (of 4) characteristics of a tundra environment.
-cool summers (lots of sun,) long severe winters (not very much sun)
- permafrost
-poor drainage
-little precipitation
Give 3 (of 5) characteristics of a tropical rain forest environment.
- hot
-heavy rainfall 80-180” per year - not nutrient rich soil, shallow soil
- little sunlight reaches forest floor
- canopy receives 12 h of intense sunlight daily
What is a cell?
The building block of all tissue
What is an organelle?
The parts of a cell that performs functions within the cell.
What does the nucleus do?
Contains the DNA (instructions) of the cell.
What do mitochondria do?
Produce energy and energy rich compounds.
What do chloroplasts do?
Carry out photosynthesis.
What is the innermost layer that surrounds the cell called and what does it do?
Plasma/cell membrane. Controls what is absorbed and secreted by the cell. (Semipermeable membrane).
What does the vacuole do?
Provides storage for waste, water, salts, and toxic products.
What is the largest organelle in the plant cell?
Vacuole
What does the cell wall do?
Protects the cell and helps it maintain its shape.
What is the primary cell wall made of?
Cellulose
What is the secondary cell wall made of?
Cellulose and lignin
What’s harder: cellulose or lignin?
Lignin (the hard grainy stuff in pears is lignin)
What is a tissue?
A collection of cells of similar structure that together serve a certain function to the plant.
What are the two types of plant tissues? Define each.
Meristematic tissue: cells divide, undifferentiated (in humans this is stem cells)
Permanent tissue: no cell division, differentiated
What are the two types of plant shoot growth?
Indeterminate: Flower clusters appear in leaf axils and shoot continues to elongate until the plant dies
Determinate: shoot elongates for a certain period until flower clusters appear at the tip
Where does plant growth (cell division) take place?
meristems
The ______ _______ is tissue in the apical bud and responsible for primary growth.
apical meristem
Meristematic tissue is present in these 3 locations, plus a 4th in monocots.
Tips of stems
Branches
Roots
In monocots: intercalary meristem which is located near the leaf bases and allows the stem to elongate (imagine bamboo)
The _____ ______ are cylinder shaped meristems located in the stems and roots of some plants and are responsible for secondary growth.
Lateral meristems
Primary growth is growth ________ and secondary growth is growth ______
up, out
Vascular cambium and cork cambium are the two types of:
lateral meristems
_____ ______ is the outermost layer that makes up the bark.
Cork cambium
_____ _______ is visible as the little line inside of stem.
vascular cambium
Vascular cambium creates the cells on the inside of a plant that make up the secondary xylem and transport water as well as the secondary phloem, which transports food, but only in which type of plants?
Woody plants
What are the two types of permanent tissues?
Simple
Complex
How many types of simple tissues are there? Name all of them.
5
Epidermis
Parenchyma
Sclerenchyma
Collenchyma
Cork
This type of meristematic tissue is located near the leaf base of monocots and is capable of elongating the stem.
Intercalary meristem
This simple tissue is a single layer of cells on the outside of a plant that protects the plant organs:
Epidermis
What is the cuticle on the epidermis of a plant?
It’s a waxy material that lies on the epidermis and helps to reduce water loss.
This simple tissue is composed of thin-walled cells and found in all plant parts. What is it called and what is its function in the plant?
Parenchyma.
It functions as storage, wound healing, and does photosynthesis.
What is the acronym for all of the simple tissues?
SPECC
This simple tissue is made up of dead cells with thick walls and is high in lignin. It appears as fibres or sclereids. What is its name and function in the plant?
Sclerenchyma
Provides strength and support
This simple tissue is made up of living cells with unevenly thickened walls, high in cellulose. What is its name and function in the plant?
Collenchyma.
Provides support to young parts of the plant such as stems, petioles and leaf veins
This tissue is produced by the cork cambium and is found in bark. The mature cells are dead. What is the name and function of this simple tissue?
Cork
Helps prevent water loss and damage
Suberin is a substance found in cork tissue. What’s the function of suberin?
Repels water
What is the function of xylem(complex tissue)?
Transports water and minerals from the roots to other parts of plants
What is the function of phloem(complex tissue)?
Transports food from leaves to other parts of the plants
What is the physiological distinction between the passages that water and minerals pass through in the the xylem and the passages that food passes through in the phloem
Xylem: short and thick vessel elements
Phloem: long and narrow food conducting cells (sieve-tube members)
What is the definition of an organ in a plant?
“When different types of tissues work together to perform a unique function” Plant organ systems 35.1.1 (Biotexts site)
What are the 4 parts of the root tip?
- Root cap
- Zone of cell division
- Zone of cell elongation
- Zone of maturation
What is the root cap and where on the root tip is it located?
It’s located at the very bottom area of the root. Its function is to protect the apical meristem.
What is the zone of cell division? Where is it located?
This is where the apical meristem is located. Cell –> tissue growth take place here. It’s located above the root cap.
What is the zone of cell elongation? Where is it located?
Vacuoles fill with water and the cells stretch and lengthen. These cells are not yet differentiated. It’s located above the zone of cell division, visible because of its denser cells.
What is the zone of maturation and where is it located?
The zone of maturation is where the cells differentiate and begin to form specialized tissues such as xylem, phloem, epidermis, cortex, etc.
Which 4 tissues do we need to identify in the dicot root cross section?
Epidermis
Cortex
Endodermis
Vascular cylinder
Describe the epidermis in a dicot root cross section
It’s the outer layer of the root and is involved in absorption of water and minerals.
What is the benefit of root hairs to the epidermis in a dicot root?
Increase surface area and absorption of water and minerals
This organ makes up the largest portion of the dicot root. The innermost layer of cells in this organ form the endodermis.
Cortex
What is the function of the cortex in the dicot root?
Stores starch
What is the waterproof layer that prevents passage between the endodermal cells and entrance into the vascular cylinder?
Casparian strip
What does the vascular cylinder contain?
Xylem
Phloem
Pericycle
What is the meristematic region that produces lateral roots just inside the endodermis called?
Pericycle
These cells form an X in the vascular cylinder and transport water and minerals
Xylem
Where is the phloem located in the vascular cylinder?
Outside the X of the Xylem, smaller cells.
What are the 4 tissues we need to identify in a herbaceous dicot stem?
Epidermis
Cortex
Pith
Vascular Bundle
What is the epidermis of the herbaceous dicot stem?
Outermost layer of cells that provides protection
What does the cortex of the herbaceous dicot stem do?
Adds strength to stem, contains chloroplasts
What is the pith of the herbaceous dicot stem?
Centre of stem, made up of parenchyma cells, provides storage
What does the vascular bundle of the herbaceous dicot stem contain? What pattern does it produce?
Contains the xylem and phloem. Produces a circular pattern.
What tissue is the bundle cap composed of in the HD vascular bundle?
Schlerenchyma
Where is the phloem located in the HD vascular bundle?
In the middle area (small cells)
Where is the xylem located in the vascular bundle of a herbaceous dicot stem?
Inner half of the vascular bundle
Where is the vascular cambium located in the HD vascular bundle?
Between the xylem and phloem
What is at the centre of the woody stem?
Pith
Where is the vascular cambium located in a woody stem?
The vascular cambium is located between xylem and phloem.
What is the purpose of the vascular cambium?
Produces phloem on the outside and xylem on the inside which produce secondary growth
What will you see if you strip away the bark of a tree?
The vascular cambium
Xylem corresponds with which part of the tree?
Wood
Phloem corresponds with which part of the tree?
Bark
What is going on on a cellular level in Summerwood and Springwood?
Summerwood: small wood, less water
Springwood: large cells, more water
What are the 4 tissues in the bark of a woody stem?
Phloem
Cortex
Cork cambium
Cork
What are the 5 tissues in the leaf?
Upper epidermis
Lower epidermis
Palisade mesophyll
Spongy mesophyll
Vascular bundle
Which part of the leaf provides protection with its cuticle?
Upper epidermis
Where does CO2 come in and O2 go out of the leaf? What are the pores of the leaf called?
Lower epidermis. Stomata (stoma, singular)
This part of the leaf is made of elongated parenchyma cells that are closely packed. What is it called and what happens in this part of the leaf?
Palisade mesophyll (looks like gate)
does photosynthesis
This part of the leaf is made of loosely packed parenchyma cells. What is it called and what happens in this part of the leaf?
Spongy mesophyll
Photosynthesis
Why is the spongy mesophyll made of loosely packed cells?
To leave intercellular space for gasses to move.
What part of the leaf that is visible to the naked eye do vascular bundles correspond to?
Leaf veins
What is on top of the leaf’s vascular bundle and what is below the leaf’s vascular bundle? What holds it all together?
Xylem on top, phloem on bottom, bundle sheath holds it all together
