Modules 2.3 & 2.4 Flashcards
What is the definition of asthma?
- Chronic inflammatory resp. disease that is a reversible narrowing of the airways
- Reduces expiratory flow rates
What is the pathophys of asthma?
- release of inflammatory mediators results in airway hyper-responsiveness and bronchoconstriction
- subsequent airway oedema and mucous hypersecretion
What are pharmaceutical management solutions for asthma?
B2 agonists (salbutamol)
Antimuscarinic agents (ipratropium (block M3 receptors associated with stimulation of bronchioles))
Corticosteroids (beclomethasone)
Methylxanthines (-phylline, acts of cAMP levels)
Leukotriene receptor antagonist (montelukast (block Leukotriene in airways alleviating inflammation)
What is chronic bronchitis and its pathophys?
- inflam. of the bronchi lasting more than 3 months due to lasting irritant exposure, is classed under COPD
PATHOPHYS: - inflammation of bronchi lining
- hypertrophy of goblet cells leading to inc. mucous production
- decreased cilia movement and pathogen removal
- inflam and mucous obstruct airways
What are the clinical manifestations of chronic bronchitis?
- cough, wheezing, hypoxemia, resp. acidosis, cyanosis, infection
- leads to P. HTN and R. Sided HF
What is emphysema and its pathophys?
- chronic enlargement of terminal bronchioles and loss of elasticity in alveoli
PATHOPHYS: - destruction of alveoli elasticity due to irritant exposure
- causes alveolar collapse durign exhalation
- causes enlarged alveoli due to gas trapping, reduced surface area for gas exhacnge
- exposure to irritants triggers inflam response, leading to chem. mediator and macrophage activity which destroys alveolar proteins
What are the clinical manifestations of emphysema?
- breathing difficulties, postural adaptations, barrel chest, weight loss, hypoxemia/capnia, resp. acidosis
- leads to P HTN and R sided HF
What is CF and its pathophys?
Inherited disorder affecting many body systems
- Affects CFTR (salt transport protein) and affects secretion of CL and resorption of Na and H2O, affecting mucosal surfaces of epi. cells
How does CF affect each the resp. system?
Resp: blocks airway due to mucous build up, infection risk and inflam., causes bronchiectasis (scarred ariways) and resp failure
What is Sleep apnoea?
- irregular breathing patterns while asleep leading to cessation of breaths
- two types: Obstructive Sleep apnoea (blockage of airways)
Central sleep apnoea (brain intermittently stops making effort to breathe, CNS related)
What is the treatment for sleep apnoea?
- CPAP device
- mouth piece to wear while asleep
- surgical interventions (jawbone realignment)
- lifestyle adjustments
What is a restrictive lung disease?
An inability to expand lungs properly due to stiff lung tissue or external mechanical issues
- causes reduced lung volumes and gas exchange
- difficulty getting air into the lungs
What are the causes of a restrictive lung disease?
- resp. centre issues (brainstem)
- chest wall problems (scoliosis)
- Diaphragm issues (paralysis)
- Neuromuscular deficits
- pleural issues ?
What is neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS)?
- interstitial lung disease due to deficiency in pulmonary surfactant due to immature lungs
- VQ mismatch and lead to parenchymal dysfunction causing hypoxia/capnia
- Cuases hypoxic P. vasoconstriction and P. HTN, triggers inflam response, inc. cap permeability and pulmonary oedema
What is pneumoconiosis?
- Chronic restrictive disease caused from long-term exposure to irritants
- inflam and fibrous tissue develop, connective tissue destroyed
- functional areas of lungs are lost due to fibrosis extension
- inspiration becomes difficult as lung compliance dec., infection chance is inc.
- tissue damage becomes irreversible
