Modules 13-20 Flashcards
Intersex
- Having both male and female “parts”
- huevos a doce
Gay vs Lesbian vs Trans.
Gay - Male to Male
Lesbian - Female to Female
Trans. - Gender Identity differs from birth sex
Hormone stimulating male sex organs during prenatal devlopment
Testosterone
What is the story about the botched circumcision?
Although not born with an intersex condition, a little boy who lost his penis during a botched circumcision became a famous case illustrating the problems involved in sex-reassignment surgery, His parents followed a psychiatrist’s advice to raise him as a girl rather than as a damaged boy. Alas, “Brenda” Reimer was not like most other girls. “She” didn’t like dolls. She tore her dresses with rough and tumble play. At puberty she wanted no part of kissing boys. Finally, Brenda’s parents explained what had happened, whereupon this young person immediately rejected the assigned female identity. He cut his hair and chose a male name, David. He eventually married a woman and became a stepfather. And, sadly, he later committed suicide.
Menarche
The first menstrual period in girls. (Age 12-13)
Spermarche
The first ejaculation in boys. (Age 14)
Androgen
A male sex hormone (one example is testosterone)
Estrogen
A female sex hormone (a steroid hormone - promoting growth)
Gender and Politics
Women are
- new to voting
- less likely to be judged as powerful
- less likely to be voted in
Men are
- accustomed to being allowed to vote
- more likely to be viewed as powerful
- more likely to be voted in
Nomadic Societies vs Agricultural Societies with Gender Distinction
Nomadic
-Similar Roles between men and women
Agricultural
- Women work in fields
- Men roam and herd
Environmental Effects on Sexual Orientation (Hetero vs Homo)
No Effect.
Effect of Absent father, sexual abuse, and insecure attachment on the female.
Menarche appears to occur a few months earlier.
Gender Identity
Gender Typing
Gender Schemas
- a person’s sense of being male or female
- the way some children seem more attuned than others to traditional male or female roles
- the way you organize boy-girl characteristics
The Sexual Response Cycle
Made my Masters and Johnson
4 Stages
- Excitement
- The genital areas become engorged with blood, causing a woman’s clitoris and a man’s penis to swell. A woman’s vagina expands and secretes lubricant; her breasts and nipples may enlarge - Plateau
- Excitement peaks at breathing, pulse, and blood pressure rates continue to increase. A man’s penis becomes fully engorged and some fluid - frequently containing enough live sperm to enable conception - may appear at its tip. A woman’s vaginal secretion continues to increase, and her clitoris retracts. Orgasm feels imminent. - Orgasm
- Muscle contractions appear all over the body and are accompanied by further increases in breathing, pulse, and blood pressure rates. A woman’s arousal and orgasm facilitate conception: They help propel semen from the penis, position the uterus to receive the sperm, and draw the sperm further inward, increasing retention of deposited sperm. The pleasurable feeling of sexual release apparently is much the same for both sexes. One panel of experts could not reliably distinguish between descriptions of orgasm written by men and those written by women. In another study, PET scans showed that the same subcortical brain regions were active in men and women during orgasm. And when people passionately in love undergo fMRI scans while viewing photos of their beloved or of a stranger, men’s and women’s brain responses to their partner are pretty similar. - Resolution
- The body gradually returns to its unaroused state as the genital blood vessels release their accumulated blood. This happens relatively quick if orgasm has occurred, relatively slow otherwise. (Like if you need to sneeze - if you do sneeze, the sensation leaves immediately). Men then enter a refractory period that lasts from a few minutes to a day or more, during which they are incapable of another orgasm. A woman’s much shorter refractory period may enable her to have another orgasm if restimulated during or soon after resolution.
Fraternal Birth Order Effect on Homosexuality
When looking at right-handed men, there is a correlation between an increase in brothers to the likelihood of homosexuality.
Why men are more open to casual sex. (Evolutionary Stance)
Women can only hold one baby at a time, but men can spread sperm endlessly. The object of sex is to populate, so men have grown more open to more rapid “population”.
Sexual Dysfunctions vs Paraphilias
Sexual dysfunctions
-problems that consistently impair sexual arousal or functioning. (erectile disorder, premature ejaculation).
Paraphilias
-experiencing sexual desire through unusual ways (pedophilia, necrophilia)
Male and Female Sex Drive based on Car
Men see the woman attractive in both cheap and expensive cars.
-Evolutionary: Men don’t need to look for money, they are the money portion.
Women see the man in the nice car more attractive.
-Evolutionary: More suited to raise a family
Kin Selection
Many of our genes are in our biological relatives. Gay men are there to support their nieces, nephews, etc. (those who share their genes).
Fertile Female Theory
homosexual men tend to have more homosexual relatives on their moms side as opposed to their dads side of the family. The relatives on the moms side also produce more offspring. perhaps the genes which dispose women to be attracted to men also causes men to be attracted to men.
Bottom-up processing vs Top-down
Bottom-Up
-starts at the sensory receptors and works up to higher levels of processing.
Top-Down
-constructs perceptions from the sensory input by drawing on our experience and expectations.
Absolute Threshold
the minimum stimulation necessary to detect a particular stimulant 50% of the time
Subliminal
stimulant beneath your absolute threshold.
Priming
subliminal messages “prime” your response to a later question
Difference Threshold
the minimum difference a person can detect between two stimuli 50% of the time (adding 1 oz to 10 oz, or 1 oz to 100 oz).
Weber’s Law
for two stimuli, a person won’t perceive a difference unless differed by a constant percentage (not a constant amount). Depending on the stimulus the percentage differs.
