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Nutrition 2 > Modules 1 and 2 > Flashcards

Modules 1 and 2 Flashcards

Fat Soluble Vitamins (A, D, E and K)

1
Q

Fat Soluble Vitamins

A

Vitamins A, D, E and K

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2
Q

Fat soluble vitamins need bile in the intestine to be absorbed - true or false?

A

True

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3
Q

They are stored in the liver and adipose tissue when there is an excess

A

Fat soluble vitamins A, D, E and K

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4
Q

What do fat soluble vitamins need for transportation around the body?

A

Protein carriers

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5
Q

The risk of toxicity for fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) is greater or less than water soluble vitamins?

A

Greater

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6
Q

What is Beta-Carotene?

A

Vitamin A precursor

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7
Q

What are 3 different forms of vitamin A?

A

Retinol, Retinal and Retinoic acid

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8
Q

Vitamin A is absorbed via the integumentary system? True or false

A

False

It is absorbed via the lymph system

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9
Q

What are the roles of Vitamin A?

A
  • Promotes vision
  • Participates in protein synthesis and cell differentiation
  • Maintains health of epithelial tissue and skin
  • Supports reproduction and growth
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10
Q

What is Retinal and what does it do?

A
  • It is a form of vitamin A
  • It promotes vision
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11
Q

What is Retinol and what does it do?

A
  • It is a form of vitamin
  • A Its supports reproduction and growth
  • Maintains immune function
  • Assists in
    • the breakdown of bone for regrowth
    • sperm development
    • normal foetal development
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12
Q

What is Retinoic acid and what does it do?

A
  • A form of vitamin A
  • Participates in protein synthesis and cell diferentiation
  • Maintains health of epithelial cells
    • mucous membranes inside and out
  • Protects skin against sun damage
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13
Q

What are the signs of vitamin A deficiency?

A
  • Night blindness,focusing, light conversion
  • Keritinisation
  • Vulnerability to infectious diseases
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14
Q

What is keritinisation and what does it do?

A
  • Skin becomes dry, rough and scaly
  • In GI tract it reduces mucus production
    • reduces absorption on nutrients
      • leads to poor digestion
  • It weakens the bodies defences increasing infections in the
    • respiritory tract
    • GI tract
    • urinary tract
    • vagina
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15
Q

What are the signs of vitamin A toxicity?

A

Vitamin A toxicity

  • may weaken bones contributing to osteoperosis and fractures
  • supresses bone building activity
  • interferes with vitamin D’s ability to maintain normal blood calcium levels
  • birth defects (not to be given in Trimester 1 of pregnancy)
  • blurred vision
  • nausia, vomiting, vertigo, headaches, muscle incoordination

Beta-carotene toxicity

  • Yellow skin from (from food, not harmful)
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16
Q

Sources of vitamin A

A

Vitamin A (Retinal and Retinoic Acid)

  • Liver
  • fish liver oil
  • milk products - not skim unless fortified with vitamin A
  • eggs

Beta-carotene (Retinal)

  • dark leafy greens
    • spinach, broccoli
  • oragane fruit and vegetables
    • carrot, sweet potato, pumpkin
    • paw-paw, rockmelon
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17
Q

Name 3 organs vitamin D is mostly transported to

A
  • Intestines
  • kidneys
  • bones
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18
Q

What is the role of vitamin D?

A
  • Assists in bone growth by maintaining calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood - bones become denser because of them
  • Increases intestinal calcium absorption
  • Promotes vitamin K dependent proteins
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19
Q

What is some signs of vitamin D deficiency?

A
  • Production of calcium binding protein in intestines slows down
    • causes calcium deficiency
      • leads to osteoperosis and other chronic diseases
  • Rickets - bones faill to calcify normally
  • Osteomalacia - soft, flexible, brittle and deformed bones in adults
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20
Q

Why is vitamin D deficiency common in the elderly?

A
  • The elderly dont drink much milk
  • They dont spend a lot of time outdoors.
  • Their skin, liver and kidney likely have reduced capacity to make active vitamin D
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21
Q

What are the signs of vitamin D toxicity?

A
  • An increase concentration of blood calcium (as it will increase absorption of calcium in the intestines)
    • soft tissue forming stones (kidney stones)
    • calcification can harden blood vessels
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22
Q

Sources of vitamin D

A
  • Sunshine helps the body synthesise its own vitamin D
    • few min in summer
    • few hours in winter
  • fortified margarine (mandatory in AU)
  • fatty fish i.e. salmon, mackerel, herring
  • eggs
23
Q

Can diseases of the liver and kidney interfere with vitamin D production?

A

Yes

24
Q

Is a dietary or supplement approach to vitamin E better?

A

Dietary

25
Q

How many groups of vitamin E are there?

A

2 groups

  • tocopherols
  • tocotrienols

Both groups consist of four members - alpha, beta, gamma and delta.

Alpha-tocopherol is the only one maintained in the body

26
Q

Name the vitamin E member that is maintained in the body

A

Alpha-tocopherol

27
Q

What are the roles of vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol)

A
  • Prevents oxidisation of ployunsaturated fatty acids
  • May reduce the risk of heart disease by protecting LDL
  • Reduces inflammation
  • Maintains neurological health
  • Antioxidant - stops the chain reaction of free radicals from producing
28
Q

What are the signs of vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) deficiency?

A
  • Disease of fat malabsorption - i.e cystic fibrosis
  • Red blood cells break open and spill contents
  • Neuromuscular dysfunction - spinal cord and retina
29
Q

What are the signs of vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) toxicity?

A
  • May interfere with blood clotting action of vitamin K
  • May enhance blood thinners and promote haemorrhaging
30
Q

Sources of vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol)

A
  • Vegetable oils (heat can destroy vitamin E content)
  • Wheatgerm oil (heat can destroy vitamin E content)
  • Nuts and seeds
31
Q

Where does vitamin K get synthesised in the body?

A

In the GI tract from bacteria

32
Q

What is the role of vitamin K?

A
  • essential for activation of blood clotting proteins
  • help metabolise bone proteins
    • i.e. osteoclacin - without vitamin K it cant bind to the other minerals that form bones -> low bone density
  • assists kidneys and nervous system
33
Q

What are the signs of vitamin K deficiency?

A
  • Haemorraging
    • Deficiency is rare but can occur when bile production fails and absorption is deminished
34
Q

What drugs can cause vitamin K deficiencies and why?

A
  • Antibiotics - kills bacteria in GI tract that synthesise vitamin K
  • Anticoagulant drugs - interfere with blood clotting
35
Q

what are the signs of vitamin K toxicity?

A

Toxicity can reduce the effectiveness of anticoagulant medication

36
Q

Sources of vitamin K

A
  • Synthesised by bateria in the GI tract
  • leafy green vegetables - spinach, kale
  • avocado
  • kiwi fruit
  • soybean oil
37
Q

Does vitamin K promote the absorption of vitamin D?

A

No

Vitamin D promotes the absorption on vitamin K in the intestines by assisting in the production of proteins that bind to vitamin K.

38
Q

Where can fluid be found in the body?

A
  • Intracellular (inside the cell)
  • Extracellular (outside the cell)
  • interstitial (between cells)
  • intravascular (inside blood vessels).
39
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of dehydration?

A
  • Thirst
  • Fatigue
  • Weakness
  • Dry mouth
  • loss of appetitie
  • Headache
  • irritability
  • Reduction in urine
  • Dizziness
40
Q

What are the signs of water intoxication?

A

Water intoxication is rare, but can occur with excessive water ingestion and kidney disorders that reduce urine production. Signs of it are;

  • Confusion
  • convulsions
  • death
41
Q

Sources of water

A
  • 100% Water
  • 90–99% - Milk, strawberries, watermelon, lettuce, cabbage, celery, spinach, broccoli
  • 80–89% - Fruit juice, yoghurt, apples, grapes, oranges, carrots
  • 70–79% - Prawns, bananas, corn, potatoes, avocados, cottage cheese, ricotta cheese
  • 60–69% - Pasta, legumes, salmon, ice-cream, chicken breast
  • 50–59% - Minced beef, hot dogs, feta cheese
  • 40–49% - Pizza
  • 30–39% - Cheddar cheese, bagels, bread
  • 20–29% - Salami, cake, biscuits
  • 10–19% - Butter, margarine, raisins
  • 1–9% - Biscuits, cereals, pretzels, taco shells, peanut butter, nuts
  • 0% - Oils, sugar

Water is also generated during metabolism.

42
Q

What is the minimum amount of water excreted as urine from the body and what does it contain?

A
  • Approx 2 cups/ half a litre
  • This amount is enough to eliminate the waste products generated from the days metabolic activity
43
Q

In what ways is water lost from the body?

A
  • Respiration as vapour (Lungs)
  • Sweat (skin)
  • Through faeces (Gi tract)
  • Urine (kidneys)
44
Q

Do you need 8 glasses of water to stay hydrated every day?

A

No

45
Q

The amount of water needed each day depends on ….

A
  • Diet
  • Physical activity
  • environment (humidity and temperature)
  • age
46
Q

What is the role of water in the body?

A
  • carries nutrients and waste products throughout the body
  • maintains the structure of large molecules such as proteins and glycogen
  • participates in metabolic reactions
  • serves as the solvent for minerals, vitamins, amino acids, glucose and many other small molecules so that they can participate in metabolic activities
  • acts as a lubricant and cushion around joints and inside the eyes, the spinal cord, and in pregnancy, the amniotic sac surrounding the foetus in the womb
  • aids in the regulation of normal body temperature
  • sweat from the skin removes excess heat from the body
  • maintains blood volume.
47
Q

What is the RDI for water intake?

A

There isnt one. Checking the colour of urine is an indicator if a person needs more water or not (i.e. dark colour = drink more water)

48
Q

What are some health effects of drinking water?

A

May prevent

  • constipation
  • kidney stones

May assist

  • short term memory
  • Alertness
  • concentration
49
Q

What is the difference between hard and soft water?

A

Hard water contains a higher concentration of calcium and magnesium. It leaves a ring on the bath, and rock like crystals in the kettle. Hard water may actually benefit people with hypertension and heart disease.

Soft water has high concentration of sodium and potassium. It makes more bubbles with less soap. Soft water with sodium may aggravate hypertension and heart disease.

50
Q

What are the two natural forms of vitamin K?

A
  • Phylloquinone (vitamin K1) from plants
  • Menaquinones (vitamin K2) found in fish oil, meats and synthesised by gut bacteria
51
Q

How is water (blood volume) balance in the body?

A

Hypothalamus - signals pituitary gland to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

  • Stimulates kidneys to reabsorb/hold onto water
  • triggers thirst

Kidneys - reabsorb/hold onto sodium (which attracts water) - triggered by

  • Renin
  • Angiotensin
  • Aldosterone
52
Q

Electrolytes

A

Minerals dissolved in watery solution of the body

A solution that

  • contains cations and anions
  • carried an electrical current

eg NaCl dissolved in water separates into Na+ and Cl-

53
Q

Electolyte movement into and out of cells is achieved by …

A

Transport proteins

  • eg sodium potassium pump

Nutrition 2 (1 decks)

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