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Bmsc 210 - midterm > modules 1 and 2 > Flashcards

modules 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of domain bacteria

A

single celled
cell wall with peptidoglycan
lack membrane bound nucleus
cyanobacteria produce significant amount of oxygen

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2
Q

Characteristics of domain archaea

A

unique rRNA gene sequences
lack peptidoglycan in cell walls
unique membrane lipids
unusual metabolic characteristics

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3
Q

Great oxygenation event

A

photosynthetic bacteria produced oxygen

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4
Q

endosymbiotic hypothesis

A

origin of mitochondria, chloroplasts, and hydrogenosomes from bacteria

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5
Q

Dark field microscope

A

living and unstained samples, used to observe internal structures in eukaryotic microorganisms

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6
Q

phase-contrasts microscope

A

excellent way to observe living cells, endospores

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7
Q

differential interference contrast

A

live, unstained cells appear brightly coloured and 3-D, cell walls, endospores, vacuoles and nuclei are clearly visible

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8
Q

fluorescence/confocal

A

specific labeling without killing samples, 3D images

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9
Q

what color do gram positive cells stain?

A

purple

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10
Q

what color do gram negative cells stain?

A

red

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11
Q

brightfiels microscopy

A

uses light

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12
Q

dark field microscopy

A

improve resolution of living samples and motility

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13
Q

phase contrast micriscopy

A

improve resolution of living samples and specific internal structures

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14
Q

Fluorescent Microscopy

A

use fluorochromes to visualize sample

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15
Q

transmission electron microscoep

A

cross section of thinly slice sample

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16
Q

scanning electron microscopy

A

3D like images of surfaces

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17
Q

the importance of staining

A

improves contrast, categorize microbes, identify specific structures

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18
Q

why cell shape and size influence growth

A

important for nutrient uptake
surface to volume ration
large size and odd shape may be protective mechanisms from predation

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19
Q

coccus

A

single conccus

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20
Q

diplococcus

A

pair of two cocci

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21
Q

tetrad

A

grouping of four cells arranged in a square

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22
Q

streptococcus

A

chain of cocci

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23
Q

staphylococcus

A

cluster of cocci

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24
Q

bacillus

A

single rod

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25
Q

streptobacillus

A

chain of rods

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26
Q

plasma membrane

A

Selectively permeable barrier, mechanical boundary of cell, nutrient and waste transport, location of many metabolic processes (respiration, photosynthesis), detection of environmental cues for chemotaxis

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27
Q

gas vacuole

A

An inclusion that provides buoyancy for floating in aquatic environments

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28
Q

ribosomes

A

protein synthesis

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29
Q

inclusions

A

Storage of carbon, phosphate, and other substances; site of chemical reactions (microcompartments); movement

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30
Q

nucleoid

A

Localization of genetic material (DNA)

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31
Q

perisplasmic space

A

in typical Gram-negative bacteria, contains hydrolytic enzymes and binding proteins for nutrient processing and uptake; in typical Gram-positive bacteria, may be smaller or absent

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32
Q

cell wall

A

protection from osmotic stress, helps maintain cell shape

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33
Q

cell wall

A

Protection from osmotic stress, helps maintain cell shape

34
Q

capsules and slime layers

A

Resistance to phagocytosis, adherence to surfaces

35
Q

fimbriae and pili

A

Attachment to surfaces, bacterial conjugation and transformation, twitching

36
Q

flagella

A

swimming and swarming motility

37
Q

endospore

A

survival under harsh environmental conditions

38
Q

plasma membrane lipids bacteria

A

Ester-linked phospholipids form a lipid bilayer

39
Q

plasma membrane lipids archaea

A

Glycerol diethers form lipid bilayers; glycerol tetraethers form lipid monolayers

40
Q

Cell wall constituents bacteria

A

Peptidoglycan is present in nearly all; some lack cell wall

41
Q

Cell wall constituents archaea

A

Very diverse but peptidoglycan is always absent; some consist of S-layer only, others combine S-layer with polysaccharides or proteins or both; some lack cell walls

42
Q

inclusions present bacteria

A

yes including gas vacuoles

43
Q

inclusions present archaea

A

yes including gas vacuoles

44
Q

ribosome size both bacteria and archae

A

70S

45
Q

chromosome structure bacteria

A

most are circular, double stranded DNA

46
Q

chromosome structure archaea

A

all are circular double stranded DNA

47
Q

plasmids present bacteria

A

yes circular and linear double stranded DNA

48
Q

plasmids present archaea

A

yes circular double stranded DNA

49
Q

external structures of bacteria

A

flagella, fimbriae (pilli)

50
Q

external structures of archaea

A

archaelia, pili

51
Q

do bacteria have capsules or slime layers

A

common

52
Q

do archaea have capsules or slime layers

A

rare

53
Q

flagella

A

related to type III secretion, filament is flagellin, parts include hook and basal body, hollow, proton motor force, assembles from the tip

54
Q

archaella

A

related to type II secretion
smaller than flagella
not hollow
driven by ATP
assembles from the base

55
Q

chemotaxis

A

move toward chemical attractants such as nutrients and away from harmful substances
move in response to temperature, light, oxygen, osmotic pressure, and gravity

56
Q

nutrient uptake

A

microbes can only take in dissolved particles across a selectively permeable membrane

57
Q

passive diffusion

A

Molecules move from region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration between the cell’s interior and the exterior.
H2O, O2, and CO2 often move across membranes this way.

58
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

Similar to passive diffusion.
* Movement of molecules is not energy dependent.
* Direction of movement is from high concentration to low concentration.
* Size of concentration gradient impacts rate of uptake.
Differs from passive diffusion.
* Uses membrane bound carrier molecules (permeases).
* Rate increases with the concentration gradient.
* Effectively transports glycerol, sugars, and amino acids.

59
Q

active transport

A

Energy-dependent process.
* ATP or proton motive force used.
Move molecules against the gradient.
Concentrates molecules inside cell.
Involves carrier proteins (permeases).
* Carrier saturation effect is observed at high solute concentrations.

60
Q

ABC transporters

A

Observed in Bacteria, Archaea, and eukaryotes
Consist of:
* 2 hydrophobic membrane spanning domains.
* 2 cytoplasmic associated ATP- binding domains.
* Substrate binding domains

61
Q

secondary active transport

A

Use ion gradients to cotransport substances. * Protons.
* Symport—two substances both move in the same direction.
* Antiport—two substances move in opposite directions.

62
Q

group translocation

A

energy dependent transport that chemically modiefies molecule as it is brought into cell
best known ttransolcattion system is phosphenolpyruvate: sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS)

63
Q

virology

A

study virus

64
Q

bacteriology

A

study bactteria

65
Q

phage

A

short for eater of bacteria (bacteriophage)

66
Q

how oncoviruses cause cancer

A

viral proteins bind host cell tutor suppressor proteins
carry oncogene into cell and insert it into host genome
altered cell regulation
insertion of promotor or enhance next to cellular oncogene

67
Q

viroids

A

infectious Agents composed of closed, circular ssRNAS, do not encode gene products, replication requires host cell, DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, cause plant diseases,

68
Q

satellites

A

infectious nucleic acids (DNA OR RNA)
encode one or more gene products
require a helper virus for replication

69
Q

satellites viruses

A

encode their own capsid proteins when helped by a helper virus

70
Q

satellite RNAs/DNAs

A

do not encode their own capsid proteins

71
Q

viruses

A

smallest microbe
cannot replicate on their own, require hostt
encode their own genetic info

72
Q

viroids

A

require host cells to replicate
replicate their genome (RNA single stranded)

73
Q

prions

A

proteins encoded by the host cell itself

74
Q

which microorganisms are eukaryottes

A

protist, algae, slime molds, water molds and fungi

75
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

disproved spontaneous generation
anthrax vaccine
chirality
pasteurization
germ theory (spread and cause of infectious diseases)
rabies vaccine

76
Q

Antony van Leeuwenhe=oek

A

microscope

77
Q

ribosomal RNA studies that led to the division of prokaryotic organisms into the bacteria and archaea were begun by

A

pasteur

78
Q

the greater the surface area to volume ratio

A

the faster a cell can gather nutrients, energy, building materials allowing I too dives

79
Q

smaller bacteria can increase their population quicker than larger cells

A

true

80
Q

capsules

A

composed of polysaccharides
not easily removed
visualized by negative staining using the light microscope
protect from desiccation (drying out) as the hold water

81
Q

slime layer

A

zone of diffuse
easily removed
composed of polysacharides
not easily observed by light microscopy

82
Q

s-layers

A

external layers
made up of protein or glycoprotein
adheres noncovalently to outer members
protect cell against ion and pH fluctuations, osmotic stress, enzymes, predatory bacteria, maintain cell shape and rigidity

Bmsc 210 - midterm (2 decks)

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