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Bmsc 210 - midterm > modules 1 and 2 > Flashcards

modules 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of domain bacteria

A

single celled
cell wall with peptidoglycan
lack membrane bound nucleus
cyanobacteria produce significant amount of oxygen

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2
Q

Characteristics of domain archaea

A

unique rRNA gene sequences
lack peptidoglycan in cell walls
unique membrane lipids
unusual metabolic characteristics

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3
Q

Great oxygenation event

A

photosynthetic bacteria produced oxygen

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4
Q

endosymbiotic hypothesis

A

origin of mitochondria, chloroplasts, and hydrogenosomes from bacteria

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5
Q

Dark field microscope

A

living and unstained samples, used to observe internal structures in eukaryotic microorganisms

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6
Q

phase-contrasts microscope

A

excellent way to observe living cells, endospores

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7
Q

differential interference contrast

A

live, unstained cells appear brightly coloured and 3-D, cell walls, endospores, vacuoles and nuclei are clearly visible

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8
Q

fluorescence/confocal

A

specific labeling without killing samples, 3D images

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9
Q

what color do gram positive cells stain?

A

purple

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10
Q

what color do gram negative cells stain?

A

red

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11
Q

brightfiels microscopy

A

uses light

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12
Q

dark field microscopy

A

improve resolution of living samples and motility

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13
Q

phase contrast micriscopy

A

improve resolution of living samples and specific internal structures

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14
Q

Fluorescent Microscopy

A

use fluorochromes to visualize sample

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15
Q

transmission electron microscoep

A

cross section of thinly slice sample

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16
Q

scanning electron microscopy

A

3D like images of surfaces

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17
Q

the importance of staining

A

improves contrast, categorize microbes, identify specific structures

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18
Q

why cell shape and size influence growth

A

important for nutrient uptake
surface to volume ration
large size and odd shape may be protective mechanisms from predation

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19
Q

coccus

A

single conccus

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20
Q

diplococcus

A

pair of two cocci

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21
Q

tetrad

A

grouping of four cells arranged in a square

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22
Q

streptococcus

A

chain of cocci

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23
Q

staphylococcus

A

cluster of cocci

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24
Q

bacillus

A

single rod

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25
streptobacillus
chain of rods
26
plasma membrane
Selectively permeable barrier, mechanical boundary of cell, nutrient and waste transport, location of many metabolic processes (respiration, photosynthesis), detection of environmental cues for chemotaxis
27
gas vacuole
An inclusion that provides buoyancy for floating in aquatic environments
28
ribosomes
protein synthesis
29
inclusions
Storage of carbon, phosphate, and other substances; site of chemical reactions (microcompartments); movement
30
nucleoid
Localization of genetic material (DNA)
31
perisplasmic space
in typical Gram-negative bacteria, contains hydrolytic enzymes and binding proteins for nutrient processing and uptake; in typical Gram-positive bacteria, may be smaller or absent
32
cell wall
protection from osmotic stress, helps maintain cell shape
33
cell wall
Protection from osmotic stress, helps maintain cell shape
34
capsules and slime layers
Resistance to phagocytosis, adherence to surfaces
35
fimbriae and pili
Attachment to surfaces, bacterial conjugation and transformation, twitching
36
flagella
swimming and swarming motility
37
endospore
survival under harsh environmental conditions
38
plasma membrane lipids bacteria
Ester-linked phospholipids form a lipid bilayer
39
plasma membrane lipids archaea
Glycerol diethers form lipid bilayers; glycerol tetraethers form lipid monolayers
40
Cell wall constituents bacteria
Peptidoglycan is present in nearly all; some lack cell wall
41
Cell wall constituents archaea
Very diverse but peptidoglycan is always absent; some consist of S-layer only, others combine S-layer with polysaccharides or proteins or both; some lack cell walls
42
inclusions present bacteria
yes including gas vacuoles
43
inclusions present archaea
yes including gas vacuoles
44
ribosome size both bacteria and archae
70S
45
chromosome structure bacteria
most are circular, double stranded DNA
46
chromosome structure archaea
all are circular double stranded DNA
47
plasmids present bacteria
yes circular and linear double stranded DNA
48
plasmids present archaea
yes circular double stranded DNA
49
external structures of bacteria
flagella, fimbriae (pilli)
50
external structures of archaea
archaelia, pili
51
do bacteria have capsules or slime layers
common
52
do archaea have capsules or slime layers
rare
53
flagella
related to type III secretion, filament is flagellin, parts include hook and basal body, hollow, proton motor force, assembles from the tip
54
archaella
related to type II secretion smaller than flagella not hollow driven by ATP assembles from the base
55
chemotaxis
move toward chemical attractants such as nutrients and away from harmful substances move in response to temperature, light, oxygen, osmotic pressure, and gravity
56
nutrient uptake
microbes can only take in dissolved particles across a selectively permeable membrane
57
passive diffusion
Molecules move from region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration between the cell’s interior and the exterior. H2O, O2, and CO2 often move across membranes this way.
58
facilitated diffusion
Similar to passive diffusion. * Movement of molecules is not energy dependent. * Direction of movement is from high concentration to low concentration. * Size of concentration gradient impacts rate of uptake. Differs from passive diffusion. * Uses membrane bound carrier molecules (permeases). * Rate increases with the concentration gradient. * Effectively transports glycerol, sugars, and amino acids.
59
active transport
Energy-dependent process. * ATP or proton motive force used. Move molecules against the gradient. Concentrates molecules inside cell. Involves carrier proteins (permeases). * Carrier saturation effect is observed at high solute concentrations.
60
ABC transporters
Observed in Bacteria, Archaea, and eukaryotes Consist of: * 2 hydrophobic membrane spanning domains. * 2 cytoplasmic associated ATP- binding domains. * Substrate binding domains
61
secondary active transport
Use ion gradients to cotransport substances. * Protons. * Symport—two substances both move in the same direction. * Antiport—two substances move in opposite directions.
62
group translocation
energy dependent transport that chemically modiefies molecule as it is brought into cell best known ttransolcattion system is phosphenolpyruvate: sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS)
63
virology
study virus
64
bacteriology
study bactteria
65
phage
short for eater of bacteria (bacteriophage)
66
how oncoviruses cause cancer
viral proteins bind host cell tutor suppressor proteins carry oncogene into cell and insert it into host genome altered cell regulation insertion of promotor or enhance next to cellular oncogene
67
viroids
infectious Agents composed of closed, circular ssRNAS, do not encode gene products, replication requires host cell, DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, cause plant diseases,
68
satellites
infectious nucleic acids (DNA OR RNA) encode one or more gene products require a helper virus for replication
69
satellites viruses
encode their own capsid proteins when helped by a helper virus
70
satellite RNAs/DNAs
do not encode their own capsid proteins
71
viruses
smallest microbe cannot replicate on their own, require hostt encode their own genetic info
72
viroids
require host cells to replicate replicate their genome (RNA single stranded)
73
prions
proteins encoded by the host cell itself
74
which microorganisms are eukaryottes
protist, algae, slime molds, water molds and fungi
75
Louis Pasteur
disproved spontaneous generation anthrax vaccine chirality pasteurization germ theory (spread and cause of infectious diseases) rabies vaccine
76
Antony van Leeuwenhe=oek
microscope
77
ribosomal RNA studies that led to the division of prokaryotic organisms into the bacteria and archaea were begun by
pasteur
78
the greater the surface area to volume ratio
the faster a cell can gather nutrients, energy, building materials allowing I too dives
79
smaller bacteria can increase their population quicker than larger cells
true
80
capsules
composed of polysaccharides not easily removed visualized by negative staining using the light microscope protect from desiccation (drying out) as the hold water
81
slime layer
zone of diffuse easily removed composed of polysacharides not easily observed by light microscopy
82
s-layers
external layers made up of protein or glycoprotein adheres noncovalently to outer members protect cell against ion and pH fluctuations, osmotic stress, enzymes, predatory bacteria, maintain cell shape and rigidity

Bmsc 210 - midterm (2 decks)

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