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ANAT100 > Modules 1-3 > Flashcards

Modules 1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

the directional term that means “away from the midline of the body” is: inferior, superior, medial, lateral or caudal

A

lateral

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2
Q

list some of the functions of epithelial tissue

A
  1. cover and line surfaces
  2. protection (skin)
  3. permeability (absorption in the digestive system)
  4. sensation
  5. contractility/secretion (of glandular cells)
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3
Q

what are some functions of collagen fibres?

A

collagen fibres act to provide strength and flexibility to tissue, they are also responsible for resisting large forces

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4
Q

predict and list a few symptoms that you would expect to observe in a patient with EDS due to dysfunctional collagen fibres

A
  1. loose skin with high elasticity or stretch
  2. fragile skin that cannot resist large forces
  3. flexible joints leading to joint pain, and eventually arthritis
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5
Q

list some functions of connective tissue

A
  1. support and protection
  2. provides a structural framework for the body
  3. medium for exchange of nutrients and metabolic waste
  4. storage
  5. repair
  6. defence from invasion of antigens
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6
Q

why do you think some types of cartilage would have a perichondrium?

A

cartilage is avascular, therefore unable to get nutrients from a direct blood supply. The perichondrium is present to help provide nutrients to the cartilage and remove waste products

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7
Q

what type of cartilage is built to bear and distribute weight?

A

hyaline

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8
Q

what type of cartilage is tough and inflexible?

A

fibrocartilage

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9
Q

what type of cartilage is the most flexible

A

elastic

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10
Q

which component of bone provides for the rigidity of bone?

A

the inorganic component; minerals and salts, mainly calcium phosphate

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11
Q

Articular cartilage covers the epiphysis, reduces friction between joints, and absorbs shock in moveable joints. What type of cartilage is articular cartilage?

A

Hyaline because it lines the joint surface

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12
Q

what type of cartilage is found between intervertebral discs?

A

fibrocartilage

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13
Q

explain why patients with scoliosis often have breathing problems.

A

The lateral curvature places the thoracic vertebrae in an atypical position. This can cause abnormal development and placement of the ribs and thoracic cavity. The abnormal form of the thoracic cavity can compress the lungs, causing breathing problems

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14
Q

Which bones contribute to the acetabulum?

A

All 3 of the bones, ilium, ischium, and pubis

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15
Q

what are some differences and similarities between the pelvic (acetabulum) and pectoral (glenoid fossa) girdles?

A

They both function to connect the appendicular to the axial skeleton, and they are both structures that articulate with the rounded head of long bones. There are both differences in the size and amount of bones between the two, the lower limb plays a critical role in bearing weight and locomotion, which is why it is larger and has more bones.

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16
Q

what are some differences and similarities between the femur and humerus bones?

A

Both of the bones are similar in structure, they both have heads, necks, and medial and lateral condyles. However, the femur is larger as it supports the body’s weight, it has a wider shaft, a larger and more circular head and large condyles.

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17
Q

what are some differences and similarities of the leg and the forearm?

A

There are two bones in both the leg (tibia/fibula) and forearm (radius/ulna). there is a difference in size, the bones of the forearm are both relatively the same size, while the tibia is the weight bearing bone of the leg so it is much wider than the fibula.

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18
Q

What body cavities are apart of the dorsal region (back)??

A

Cranial and vertebral

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19
Q

what body cavities are apart of the ventral region (front)?

A

Thoracic and abdomino pelvic

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20
Q

what is a saggital plane?

A

vertical plane that divides body into left and right, when it passes through the midline is it called midsaggital.

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21
Q

what is a coronal plane?

A

frontal, divides body into anterior and posterior

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22
Q

what is a horizontal plane?

A

it divides body into inferior and superior parts

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23
Q

what is an oblique plane?

A

passes through the body at an angle

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24
Q

what is a longitudinal plane?

A

any plane that is perpendicular to the horizontal plane , both saggital and coronal are examples

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25
Q

what are the two types of epithelial tissue?

A

(1) covering epithelium; cells that cover the internal and external surfaces, (2) glandular epithelium; cells that produce and secrete products, such as hormones.

26
Q

what are simple and stratified cell organizations?

A

Simple cell organizations are only one cell layer thick, while stratified organizations are two or more cell layers thick, where only the deepest layer is in contact with the basal lamina.

27
Q

what is a squamous cell shape?

A

flat (thin), wide and somewhat irregular in shape

28
Q

what is a cuboidal cell shape?

A

about same size on all sides, nucleus is central

29
Q

what is a columnar cell shape?

A

taller than they are wide, nucleus is oval and located in basal region of the cell

30
Q

what is transitional epithelium?

A

consists of multiple layers of epithelial cells that allow for stretching, surface cells are dome shaped when relaxed and flattened when stretched

31
Q

what is pseudostratified epithelium and how does it work?

A

A single layer of cells that have their nuclei positioned in a manner close to that of stratified, the short cilia on the surface help in moving mucous, can be found through respiratory tract, where mucous must be transported.

32
Q

what is ground substance?

A

It occupies the space between the cells and fibres of connective tissue , it has high water content, is transparent, colourless, and viscous

33
Q

what are the 3 types of fibres secreted by fibroblasts?

A
  1. collagen
  2. reticular
  3. elastic
34
Q

What are the 2 types of connective tissue?

A
  1. Loose connective tissue

2. Dense connective tissue

35
Q

What are some properties of loose CT? Give an example of loose CT

A

has more ground substance, with fewer CT fibres, an example would be adipose tissue (fat calls)

36
Q

What are some properties of dense CT? Give an example of dense CT

A

less ground substance and more CT fibres, an example is elastic tissue

37
Q

What are the specialized (fluid) connective tissues?

A

Blood and lymph

38
Q

what are the components of cartilage?

A

cells, fibres and ground substance

39
Q

what are some functions of the skeletal system?

A
  • support
  • protection
  • blood cell formation
  • storage
  • movement
40
Q

what are the 2 layers of bone composition?

A

outer cortical layer and inner cancellous layer

41
Q

how are blood cells produced?

A

they are produced by the bone marrow, which is found within the medullary cavity, the inner cavity of the bone

42
Q

what are the different types of bones?

A
  1. flat bones (bones of the skull)
  2. irregular bones (vertebrae)
  3. long bones (elongated cylindrical shaft, ex. femur)
  4. short bones (bones of ankle and wrist)
43
Q

what are the epiphysis, metaphysis and diaphysis?

A

epiphysis; knobby, enlarged regions at the end, form joints, and serve as attachment sites for tendons and ligaments
metaphysis; region between diaphysis and epiphysis
diaphysis; elongated cylindrical shaft

44
Q

what is the periosteum and its main functions?

A

tough sheath of dense irregular connective tissue that covers the surface of bone, except for the epiphysis. protects the bone contains blood vessels and nerves that supply the bone, also forms new bone tissue

45
Q

what is articular cartilage?

A

covers epiphysis, reduces friction between joints and absorbs the shock in moveable joints (hyaline cartilage)

46
Q

what are the cranial bones of the skull?

A
  • frontal bone
  • temporal bones
  • sphenoid bone
  • parietal bones
  • occipital bone
47
Q

what are the facial bones of the skull?

A
  • maxillary (maxillae) bones
  • nasal bones
  • zygomatic bones
  • mandible
48
Q

what are the divisions of the spine and how many vertebrae does each house?

A
  • cervical - 7 v
  • thoracic - 12 v
  • lumbar - 5 v
  • saccrum - 5 fused v
  • coccyx - 4 fused v
49
Q

what are synovial joints?

A

joints in which articular bones are enclosed by a joint capsule with a fluid filled cavity, ex. shoulders, knees and hip joints

50
Q

what are movements made at synovial joints?

A
  • gliding
  • angular
  • rotation
  • special movements
51
Q

what is the difference between abduction and adduction movements?

A

abduction is the movement away from the midline of the body, while adduction is the movement towards the midline of the body

52
Q

what is the difference between flexicon and extension movements?

A

flexicon movements bend to decrease the angle between articulating bones, while extension movements straighten to increase the angle between articulating joints

53
Q

what are special movements?

A

hypertension; extended beyond anatomical position

circumduction; rotates in a circular manner

54
Q

what are supination and pronation rotations?

A

supination refers to to the forearm, with the palm facing up, while pronation refers to the forearm with the palm facing down

55
Q

what are eversion and inversion rotations?

A

eversion refers to the ankle, where the foot faces laterally (outward), inversion refers to the ankle, where the foot faces medially (inward)

56
Q

what are the different types of muscle?

A

skeletal, cardiac and smooth

57
Q

what is the difference between striated and smooth muscles

A

striated have both light and dark bonds, characterized by long muscle fibres with multiple nuclei which are located peripherally for skeletal muscles and centrally for cardiac muscle. smooth muscle is found in the digestive system, blood vessels and other viscera, each smooth muscle fibre contains a single nucleus centrally located. smooth muscle also has fusiform-shaped cells without striations

58
Q

what are some functions of skeletal muscle?

A
  • produce movement
  • maintain posture and stabilize joints
  • control excretion and swallowing
  • produce heat
  • support and protect internal organs
59
Q

what are the 3 layers of connective tissue within skeletal muscles?

A
  • epimysium; surrounds entire muscle
  • perimysium; surrounds bundle of muscle fibres
  • endomysium; surrounds individual muscle cells
60
Q

what are the features of muscle cells (myofibres)?

A
  1. sacrolemma; cell membrane
  2. nuclei; multiple, towards outside of myofibre
  3. myofibril; structural units, contain contractile myofilaments
  4. myofilaments; contractile unit of muscle cell
  5. sacroplasmic reticulum; surrounds each myofibril, where muscle cell stores calcium
  6. T-tibules; extensions of sacrolemma that surround the myofibrils and transmit nerve stimulation to the sacroplasmic reticulum within the cell
61
Q

what are the different muscles of facial expression?

A
  • frontalis; allows forehead to wrinkle
  • orbicularis oculi; muscles surrounding eyes
  • zygomaticus; causes one to smile
  • orbicularis oris; allows one to pucker lips, or kiss
62
Q

what are the muscles used in mastication (chewing)?

A
  • temporalis; elevates and pulls the mandible posteriorly (retract)
  • masseter; elevates and protracts, moves the jaw forward

ANAT100 (1 decks)

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