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Risk Assesment > Modules 1-10 > Flashcards

Modules 1-10 Flashcards

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1
Q

Absorption and Distribution

A

One of the four fates of chemicals in the body. Refers to the process where a chemical enters the circulatory system or bloodstream and is distributed to the organs of the body

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2
Q

Acute Exposure

A

Refers to a single or short-term exposure and is used to describe brief exposures and effects which appear promptly after exposure.

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3
Q

Additive Effects

A

Refers to the effect caused by simultaneous exposure to more than one substance where the toxic effect of the chemicals can be summed.

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4
Q

Antagonistic Effect

A

Refers to the effect caused by simultaneous exposure to more than one substance where the toxic effect of both chemicals is less than the effect of each toxin on its own.

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5
Q

Background Exposure

A

Exposure to normal levels of a substance that naturally exists in the surrounding environment.

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6
Q

Baseline Assessment

A

Assessment of the physical, chemical and biological conditions of a site prior to any development activity.

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7
Q

Benchmark

A

The dose or concentration a receptor can be exposed to without experiencing adverse health effects.

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8
Q

Bioassay

A

Term used to describe a scientific experiment to measure the effect of a substance on a receptor.

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9
Q

Bioavailability

A

The proportion of a chemical absorbed by the receptor versus the total amount to which the receptor was exposed.

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10
Q

Cancer

A

A disease characterized by the rapid and uncontrolled growth and reproduction of aberrant cells into malignant tumours

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11
Q

Carcinogen

A

Any substance capable of producing cancer or a chemical which causes or induces cancer.

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12
Q

Chronic Exposure

A

Refers to multiple or continuous exposures occurring over an extended period of time or a significant fraction of the life of the individual.

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13
Q

Comparative risk assessment

A

comparing environmental risks of various types in order to rank them in importance.

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14
Q

Conceptual Model

A

a schematic representation of the site showing the applicable sources of chemicals, exposure pathways and receptors

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15
Q

Confounding Factors

A

Factors that are unknown or overlooked in an experiment or research study which distort the cause-effect relationship being studied.

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16
Q

Dermal Contact

A

One of the three ways that chemicals may enter the body. Dermal contact refers to taking substances in through contact with the skin

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17
Q

Detailed Quantitative Risk Assessment (DQRA):

A

The third and most detailed level of risk assessment that makes extensive use of field assessments and modeling of contaminant movement, exposure pathways, ecosystem characterization and toxicity assessment to fill the information gaps remaining at the completion of PQRA.

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18
Q

Ecological Risk Assessment

A

process that attempts to estimate, and where possible, quantify risk posed to the environment and its non-human inhabitants.

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19
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of the distribution and determinants of health effects in a population.

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20
Q

Excretion

A

One of the four fates of chemicals in the body. Refers to processes where chemicals are excreted from the body through waste products such as feces and urine as well as sweat and breath.

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21
Q

Exposure Pathway

A

The physical course a chemical or pollutant takes from the release point to the exposed receptor.

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22
Q

Exposure Term

A

Factor that is included in the basic exposure assessment formula to account for frequency and duration of exposure

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23
Q

Hazard

A

The term used to describe a potentially harmful situation.

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24
Q

Health Risk Assessment

A

: Refers to the evaluation of the probability of adverse health consequences and the accompanying uncertainties, to humans caused by the presence of a chemical at a given site.

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25
Q

Ingestion

A

One of the three ways that chemicals may enter the body. Ingestion refers to taking substances in through the mouth

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26
Q

Inhalation

A

One of the three ways that chemicals may enter the body. Inhalation refers to taking substances in through the lungs.

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27
Q

Lipophilic

A

Substances that are soluble in fat but much less soluble in water.

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28
Q

Metabolism

A

One of the four fates of chemicals in the body. Refers to the chemical reactions that occur in the body.

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29
Q

Mobility

A

The ability of a substance to migrate from its release point through the environmental media to another exposure point.

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30
Q

Mutagen

A

An agent that causes a permanent genetic change in a cell other than that which occurs during normal genetic recombination

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31
Q

Persistence

A

The ability of a substance to persist in the environmental media

32
Q

Potentiation

A

Refers to the effect caused by simultaneous exposure to more than one substance where one toxin may have no effect unless combined with another chemical.

33
Q

Preliminary Quantitative Risk Assessment (PQRA):

A

The second level of risk assessment that uses a combination of information provided in the literature with site specific information to assess the risk for a particular situation.

34
Q

Recall Bias

A

A form of bias in an experiment or research study where the test subject’s recall of historical events is distorted by preconceived notions or ideas.

35
Q

Receptor

A

The organism that receives, may receive, or has received environmental exposure to a chemical.

36
Q

RfC

A

Reference Concentration, calculated by the US EPA, represents the benchmark for human inhalation or the concentration (mg/m3) to which a human can be continuously exposed over a long period of time without any significant adverse health effects.

37
Q

RfD

A

Reference Dose, calculated by the US EPA, represents the benchmark for human ingestion or the dose to which a human can be continuously exposed over a long period of time without any significant adverse health effects.

38
Q

Risk Assessment

A

A scientific technique which estimates the risk posed to human health, plants, wildlife, and the natural environment from exposure to a contaminate. It is the 1st step in a process to manage risk. Management and communication come after.

39
Q

Risk Communication

A

conveying or transmitting information between interested parties about levels of health and environmental risk.

40
Q

Risk management

A

refers to the development and implementation of a strategy to control, mitigate or manage the risk estimated by risk assessment.

41
Q

RSC

A

Risk Specific Concentration, is the concentration of a chemical which leads to a particular estimated cancer risk. The estimated cancer risk must be specified.

42
Q

RSD

A

Risk Specific Dose, is the dose of a chemical which leads to a particular estimated cancer risk. The estimated cancer risk must be specified.

43
Q

Screening Assessment

A

The first and simplest level of risk assessment which used a combination of information provided in the literature with existing data to assess risk.

44
Q

Bias

A

An inadequacy in the design of an experiment or research study which results in findings or conclusions that are not representative of the general population.

45
Q

Receptor Characteristics

A

Also known as exposure factors, receptor characteristics are averages for receptors in the population and include information such as body weight and intake rates.

46
Q

Sub-chronic Exposure

A

Refers to intermediate exposure, between acute and chronic exposure.

47
Q

Synergistic Effect

A

Refers to the effect caused by simultaneous exposure to more than one substance where the toxic effect of both chemicals is greater than the effect of each toxin on its own.

48
Q

TC

A

Tolerable Concentration, calculated by Health Canada, represents the benchmark for human inhalation or the concentration (mg/m3) to which a human can be continuously exposed over a long period of time without any significant adverse health effects.

49
Q

TC05

A

The Tumorigenic Concentration that increases the risk of cancer by 5%

50
Q

TD05

A

The Tumorigenic Dose that increases the risk of cancer by 5%.

51
Q

TDI

A

Tolerable Daily Intake, calculated by Health Canada, represents the benchmark for human ingestion or the dose to which a human can be continuously exposed over a long period of time without any significant adverse health effects.

52
Q

Toxicity

A

The ability of a substance to cause adverse effects or damage to a living organism

53
Q

Uncertainty Factor

A

A numerical value applied to adjust exposure benchmarks (for example, NOAEL) identified by bioassay studies to ensure that the benchmarks are sufficiently protective. For example, uncertainty factors may be applied, to extrapolate to long-term values from short-term data, to extrapolate from laboratory to field conditions, to account for inter- or intra-specific variation between individual test organisms and species or to account for study deficiencies.

54
Q

Site Assessment

A

Assessment of the physical, chemical and biological conditions of a site after an event such as a chemical spill has taken place

55
Q

Storage

A

One of the four fates of chemicals in the body. Refers to chemicals such as lipophilic chemicals that enter the body and are stored in the body for long periods of time.

56
Q

Selection Bias

A

A form of bias in an experiment or research study where the test study group is different in some way from the general population, resulting in conclusions which are not representative of the general population.

57
Q

Exposure Term

A

Factor that is included in the basic exposure assessment formula to account for frequency and duration of exposure

58
Q

Bioavailability

A

The proportion of a chemical absorbed by the receptor versus the total amount to which the receptor was exposed.

59
Q

DNAPL

A

Dense non aqueous phase liquids. A group of chemicals that are heavier than water and tend to sink through groundwater until an impermeable structure is encountered where they tend to pool.

60
Q

LNAPL

A

Light non aqueous phase liquids. A group of chemicals that are lighter than water and tend to pool on top of groundwater.

61
Q

Partitioning

A

Uses the properties of the soil and the chemical to estimate the amount of chemical in each phase.

62
Q

Hazard Index:

A

A summation of the hazard quotients for multiple pathways and may be applied to multiple similar contaminants

63
Q

Hazard Quotient:

A

Provides a ratio of the estimated dose to which the population has been exposed compared to the benchmark.

64
Q

Qualitative Risk Characterization

A

Risk characterization that results in a qualitative statement such as high risk, medium risk or low risk rather than an exact numerical risk estimate in order to avoid giving the impression that the exact probability and severity of the effect are known.

65
Q

Quantitative Risk Characterization

A

Risk characterization that seeks to provide a precise numerical value reflecting the probably and severity of a hazard.

66
Q

Risk Characterization:

A

The final stage in the risk assessment framework where exposure dose is compared to the toxicity benchmark to determine whether or not a risk is acceptable.

67
Q

Qualitative Uncertainty Assessment:

A

Identifies the sources of uncertainty and results in qualitative statements of the likely effects on the results of the risk assessment.

68
Q

Quantitative Uncertainty Assessment:

A

Utilizes mathematical models to estimate the likely value for particular parameters.

69
Q

Semi-Quantitative Uncertainty Assessment:

A

Provides a numerical assessment of the effect variability in a parameter has on the results of the risk assessment.

70
Q

Uncertainty

A

The lack of knowledge about the correct value of a parameter.

71
Q

Allometry

A

For the purposes of ERA, allometry refers to the relationships between body weight and biological parameters such as food intake, water intake and inhalation.

72
Q

Bioaccumulation Factor:

A

Factor calculated to account for increasing concentration of contaminants in species higher in the food chain which accumulate the contaminant within their physical structures

73
Q

Bioconcentration Factor:

A

Factor calculated to account for increasing concentration of contaminants in species that have continuous direct contact with contaminated environmental media.

74
Q

Ecological Risk Assessment:

A

A process that attempts to estimate and where possible, quantify risk posed to the environment and its non-human inhabitants by a given condition.

75
Q

Migration Factor:

A

Factor incorporated into the exposure term to account for the fact that some species may spend only a fraction of their lives in their northern habitat.

76
Q

Range Factor:

A

Factor incorporated into the exposure term to account for the fact that some species may have a large range and may spend only a fraction of their lives at a contaminated site.

Risk Assesment (1 decks)

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