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Biology Year 11 > Module Two > Flashcards

Module Two Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a unicellular organism?

A

An organisms that contains only one cell, which can be either prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Short lifetime, high SA:V.

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2
Q

What is a colonial organism?

A

Colonial organisms are made up of a group of identical single-celled organisms collectively called a colony.

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3
Q

What is a multicellular organism?

A

An organism made up of many different types of cells. The cells are specialised and cannot live independently.

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4
Q

What is cell specialisation?

A

The particular functions that a cell has.

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5
Q

What is differetiation?

A

A process that a stem cell undergoes to become specialised.

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6
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A collection of cells in an organism that have a similar function and common function.

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7
Q

What is an organ?

A

A group of tissues that perform a specific function.

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8
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group of organs that work together to carry out a particular task.

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9
Q

What is a palisade cell?

A

It is the primary site of photosynthesis.

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10
Q

What is the purpose of a guard cell?

A

Help regulate the rate of transpiration by opening and closing the stomata.

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11
Q

What is the purpose of the companion cell?

A

control movement of sugars within phloem.

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12
Q

What are the three main function of leaves?

A
  • to be a site for photosynthesis.
  • to remove excess water
  • to store food and water and provide structure.
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13
Q

What is the anatomy of the plant

A

1) outermost layer is the epidermis
2) Guard cells in the epidermic form pores known as stomata.
3) Chloroplasts are embedded in the inner tissues

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14
Q

What is the xylem?

A

Strong, thick tubes composed of dead cells that carry water and minerals up from the roots through to the stems to the leaves.

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15
Q

What is the phloem?

A

Phloem is composed of living tissues which transport sucrose around the plant.

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16
Q

What is a heterotroph?

A

An organisms that cannot produce its own food therefore obtaining its nutrients by consuming other living organisms.

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16
Q

What is the purpose of the shoot system?

A

The stem provides support and a pathway for nutrients and the leaf absorbs sunlight and CO2.

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16
Q

What is an autotroph?

A

An organisms capable of synthesising its own food from inorganic substances.

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17
Q

What is the main function of the root system?

A

To anchor the plant and absorb water, inorganic nutrients from the soil.

18
Q

How are MRI’s used to image plants?

A

visualise internal structures of plants. It is non-invasive and therefore has the potential to monitor physiological processes in real time. It can be used to study roots in real time as they grow in a clear container.

19
Q

How are PET scans used to image plants?

A

to provide functional information about transport and process in plants.

20
Q

How are X-ray’s used to image plants?

A

non-invasive approach to 3D visualisation and quantification of biological structures. It works by placing a sample positioned in an x-ray beam and rotating it so hundreds of images are recorded from different angles creating a 3D image.

21
Q

How can photosynthesis be traced?

A
  • by using radioactive oxygen in water to trace its movement as it is produced as pure oxygen
  • by using C14 to monitor the transportation of glucose in plants.
22
Q

What are the features of efficient gaseous exchange structures?

A
  • Large SA
  • Moist, thin surface
  • Close proximity to efficient transport system
  • Have greater concentration of required gas.
23
Q

How does stomata control gas exchange?

A

When plants open their stomata to allow carbon dioxide gas in for photosynthesis, oxygen gas is released, and water is lost as water vapour during the process of transpiration. When stomata are closed, no gases are transported and no water is lost.

24
Q

What factors affect the opening and closing of stomata?

A
  • Light
  • Temperature
  • CO2 concentration
25
Q

What are lenticles?

A

Pores through which gaseous exchange occurs in the woody parts of the plants.

26
Q

How does gas exchange occur in fish?

A

Gills in fish extract maximum oxygen from water by allowing water to flow over them. Gills contain filaments with thousands of tiny folds called lamelle, increasing surface area. Dissolved oxygen passes through lamellae, entering the fihs’s blood and eliminating CO2. Blood flows in the opposite direction to the moving water, making gas exchange efficient. About 75% of O2 passing through gills is extracted, twice the percentage of O2 removed by lungs.

27
Q

How does gas exchange occur in insects?

A

Insects have a respiratory system consisting of a tracheal system that delivers oxygen-containing air to every cell. Air enters the body through valve-like openings called spiracles, regulated by small muscles. The air then diffuses through a branching network of tracheal tubes, with a tracheole providing a moist interface for gas exchange. Oxygen dissolves in the tracheole, while carbon dioxide diffuses out of the cell.

28
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The passive movement of water through the xylem of vascular plants, from the roots to the leaves.

29
Q

What is the transpiration stream?

A

The movement of water up the stem due to the evaporative pull of transpiration.

30
Q

What is cohesion?

A

The bonding between like substances.

31
Q

What is adhesion?

A

The bonding of unlike substances.

32
Q

What is the transpiration-cohesion-tension theory?

A

The movement of water molecules in plants: cohesion between water molecules, adhesion between water molecules and plant cell walls, and the tension created when water evaporates from the leaves.

33
Q

What is translocation?

A

Occurring in the phloem, it is the distribution of sucrose to all parts of the plant.

34
Q

What are the four stages of digestion?

A

Mechanical, chemical, absorption and elimination

35
Q

What must an effective transport system have?

A
  • A system of vessels in which substances are transported.
  • A suitable transport medium
  • A driving mechanism.
36
Q

What are the two transport systems of mammals?

A

The cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system.

37
Q

What is a open circulatory system?

A

Made up of one or more hearts and open-ended vessels.

37
Q

What is a closed circulatory system?

A

A system made up of blood vessels and a heart, which form a sealed system.

38
Q

Describe the function of veins.

A

They transport blood towards the heart, thinner walls than arteries, contain one-way valves, lower blood pressure than arteries.

39
Q

Descrive Arteries

A

Transport blood away from the heart, thick muscular walls, experiences higher blood pressure, has an elastic layer and connective tissue.

39
Q

Describe capillaries.

A

Smallest of the blood vessels, only fit RBC in single file, connects arteries to veins.

40
Q

what is Systemic circulation?

A

oxygenated blood pumped from the heart to the organs, where it gives up its oxygen to the cells before returning to the heart.

40
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A

deoxygenated blood pumped from the heart to the lungs, where it is oxygenated before returning to the heart.

41
Q

What is the process of blood flow in the CVS?

A

Inferior/superior vena cave - right atrium - tricuspid valve - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - mitral valve - left ventricle

42
Q

What are the main functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  • prevent swelling
  • scan for pathogens
  • absorb fats

Biology Year 11 (4 decks)

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