Module Ten Flashcards

1
Q

What are the advantages of AME? (4)

A

Transport speed
Ability to bring more skilled staff to the patient
Access to remote locations
Improved access to specialist centres

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2
Q

What are the contributing factors to crashes in AME? (5)

A

Aircraft characteristics
Operational characteristics
Weather and environment
Crew
Patient

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3
Q

What needs to be considered when evaluating the costs of AME? (5)

A

Expensive forms of transport
Cost-effectiveness
Quality of life
Different funding models have different cost considerations
Public’s positive perception of hospitals with flight institutions

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4
Q

What are the important elements in safety management and causation of accidents? (4)

A

Process improvement and safety
Swiss cheese model of accident causation
Crew resource management principles
Simulation training pilots

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5
Q

How should performance be considered in AME?

A

In terms of patient outcomes - if value was added.

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6
Q

Where did the term crisis resource management/team resource management come from?

A

From the term crew resource management
Crashes showed recurrent failures in inter-personal communication, decision making, and leadership.

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7
Q

What are the human factors that contribute to error and success in medical crisis? (8)

A

Communication
Leadership
Teamwork
Attention allocation
Planning
Knowledge of environment
Knowledge of self
Situational awareness

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8
Q

What are the Big Five variables that affect team performance?

A

Team leadership
Mutual performance monitoring - individual circumstances
Backup behaviour - knowledge of team member’s capabilities
Adaptability
Team orientation - goal
Shared mental models and collaboration and information sharing are also important.

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9
Q

Describe the relevant individual human factors.

A

Knowledge - clinical/technical skills
Attitude, motivation, personality - non-clinical skills: task management, team working, decision making, situation awareness, stress management

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10
Q

Describe different leadership styles.

A

Participative/collaborative
Authoritative

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11
Q

What are the categories of communication failures?

A

The individual
The physical environment
The cultural environment

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12
Q

How can checklists reduce human error?

A

Helps people complete a series of tasks by compensating for memory and attention limitations.
Effective ones are short, self-generated, and operationally relevant.

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13
Q

List some effects of fatigue. (11)

A

Attention deficits
Fixation
Situational awareness loss
Loss of adaptability
Difficulty doing calculations
Mood changes
Intolerance
Impaired judgment
Impaired communication
Impaired memory
Reduced ability to learn

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14
Q

What is error wisdom?

A

Understanding the possibility that in certain circumstances something may go wrong.

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15
Q

What is the three bucket rule?

A

Rapid assessment of error risk of a situation. How full are the three buckets:
1) Self: performance factors - fatigue/stress; uncertainty/unfamiliarity; lack of knowledge
2) Context: distractions; lack of time; lack of key equipment
3) Task: complexity; and risk.

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16
Q

What are counter measures to error-prone situations?

A

Asking for help
Cross-checking with other members
Cognitive aids

17
Q

What is the four step process for dynamic clinical decision making?

A
  1. Assess the situation
  2. Make a decision
  3. Implement a course of action
  4. Review the outcome
18
Q

What are the two process of decision making employed by the brain?

A

Intuitive - limbic system
Analytic - pre frontal cortex - slower, more reliable

19
Q

What are common types of bias?

A

Affective - mood, environment
Cognitive - attachment to diagnosis, inheriting someone else’s thinking, pt characteristics, individual personality traits

20
Q

What is mindfulness?

A

The awareness of thought.

21
Q

What are the different levels of situational awareness?

A

Level 1 - perception - gleaning info (most errors happen here)
Level 2 - comprehension - determining what’s going on
Level 3 - forecasting - what is going to happen?
Maintaining awareness of the big picture in the immediate environment.

22
Q

How can SA be enhanced?

A

“Scanning” - self, team, pt, environment and simulations