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GIT PHYSIOLOGY > MODULE REVIEWER > Flashcards

MODULE REVIEWER Flashcards

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0
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Slow waves alone cause muscle contraction.

A

FALSE.

They excite the appearance of intermittent spike potentials which in turn causes muscle contraction

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1
Q

Electrical pacemakers for smooth muscle cells.

A

INTERSTITIAL CELLS OF CAJAL

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2
Q

True about calcium-sodium channels:

A. Allow large amount of sodium ions to enter along with smaller numbers of calcium ions.

B. Allow smaller numbers of sodium ions to enter along with especially large number of calcium ions to enter.

C. Allow smaller numbers of sodium ions to enter along with smaller numbers of calcium ions.

A

B. Allow smaller numbers of sodium ions to enter along with especially large number of calcium ions to enter.

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3
Q

The myenteric plexus is found:
A. Between the inner longitudinal and outer circular muscle layers.

B. Between the inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle layers.

C. Between the mucosa and submucosa.

A

B. Between the inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle layers.

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4
Q

The Meissner’s corpuscle is responsible for the following EXCEPT:

A. Local blood flow
B. Secretion
C. Motility

A

C. Motility

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5
Q

When the myenteric plexus is stimulated, its principal effects are the following EXCEPT:

A. Decreased tonic contraction
B. Increased intensity of the rhythmical contractions
C. Slightly increased rate of the rhythm of contraction
D. Decreased velocity of conduction of excitatory waves along the gut wall
E. A and D are both correct.

A

E. A and D are both correct.

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6
Q

This controls the emptying of the stomach into the duodenum.

A

Pyloric Sphincter

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7
Q

This controls the emptying from the small intestine into the cecum

A

Sphincter of the ileocecal valve

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8
Q

This most often excited gastrointestinal activity.

A. Norepinephrine
B. Acetylcholine
C. Epinephrine
D. Substance P

A

B. Acetylcholine

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9
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Norepinephrine almost always inhibits gastrointestinal activity.

A

TRUE.

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10
Q

The sacral parasympathetics originate in the _________ sacral segments of the spinal cord.

A. II, III, IV,
B. III, IV, V
C. I, III, V

A

A. II, III, IV,

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11
Q

TRUE or FALSE: The preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic system are located mainly in the myenteric and submucosal plexus.

A

FALSE.

The postganglionic neurons.

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12
Q

What is the Law of the Gut?

A
  1. Functioning myenteric plexus ONLY.

2. Oral to caudal (mouth to anus) movement of food

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13
Q

Gastrin is secreted by the __________ of the antrum of the stomach.

A

“G” cells.

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14
Q

The following are the primary actions of gastrin:

A. Stimulation of VIP secretion.
B. Stimulation of gastric acid secretion.
C. Stimulation of growth of the gastric mucosa.
D. Stimulation AcH release.
E. A and C are both correct.

A

E. A and C are both correct.

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15
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Cholecystokinin (CCK) is secreted by “I” cells in the mucosa of the stomach and duodenum.

A

FALSE.

Mucosa of the duodenum and jejunum.

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16
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is secreted mainly in response to the digestive products of the following EXCEPT:

A. Fatty acids
B. Proteins
C. Fats
D. Monoglycerides

A

B. Proteins

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17
Q

The following statements are true EXCEPT:

A. CCK inhibits the stomach contraction moderately.

B. CCK stimulates appetite during meals by stimulating sensory afferent nerve fibers in the duodenum.

C. CCK inhibits gastric emptying.

D. CCK stimulates pancreatic bicarbonate secretion.

E. CCK stimulates gallbladder contraction.

A

B. CCK stimulates appetite during meals by stimulating sensory afferent nerve fibers in the duodenum.

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18
Q

The following are stimuli to the secretion of the hormone of Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) EXCEPT:

A. Fat
B. Carbohydrate
C. Protein
D. Acid

A

D. Acid

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19
Q

The statement that best describes gastric inhibitory peptide:

A. Stimulates pepsin secretion.
B. Inhibits gastric emptying
C. Stimulates insulin release.
D. Stimulates gastric motility.
E. Stimulates mucosal growth.
A

C. Stimulates insulin release.

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20
Q

The first gastrointestinal hormone discovered and is secreted in the mucosa of the duodenum.

A

Secretin.

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21
Q

Atropine does not block mediated gastric secretion because the mediator of the vagal effect is _______, not _______.

A. NE, E
B. GRP, AcH
C. Substance P, AcH
D. GRP, NE
E. AcH, GRP
A

B. GRP, AcH

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22
Q

The swallowing reflex is coordinated in the _______ triggered by afferent impulses in the __, __, __ nerves integrated in the nucleus of the tractus solitarius and the nucleus ambiguus.

A. Hypothalamus, V, IX, X
B. Medulla, V, IX, X
C. Medulla, V, VII, X
D. Hypothalamus, V, VII, X

A

B. Medulla, V, IX, X

23
Q

In swallowing, the efferent fibers pass to the pharyngeal musculature and the tongue via the _______, ________, and _______.

A. V, VI, VII
B. V, IX, XII
C. V, VII, XII
D. V, VII, X

A

C. V, VII, XII

24
Q

What hormone greatly enhances sodium absorption?

A

ALDOESTERONE

25
Q

Where is the highest frequency of slow wave production?

A. Ileum
B. Pylorus
C. Esophagus
D. Duodenum
E. Fundus
A

D. Duodenum

26
Q

TRUE or FALSE: In the GI blood flow, blood returns directly to the heart.

A

FALSE.

The blood before returning to the heart, goes through he splanchnic circulation via the PORTAL VEIN to the liver then back to the heart via the INFERIOR VENA CAVA.

27
Q

What hormone activates the myenteric plexus?

A. Somastatin
B. Acetylcholine
C. Serotonin
D. Epinephrine

A

C. Serotonin

28
Q

The soft palate elevates to prevent food from entering the ________.

A. Nasopharynx
B. Trachea
C. Oropharynx
D. Epiglottis

A

A. Nasopharynx

29
Q

Described as “Achalasia of the large intestine”.

A. Cholera
B. Sprue
C. Hierschprung’s Disease
D. Encephalitis

A

C. Hierschprung’s Disease

30
Q

Rupture of the Megaesophagus will lead to:

A. Infection
B. Ulceration
C. Aspiration
D. Death

A

D. Death

31
Q

Which of the following is paired correctly?

A. Chief Cells: Mucous
B. Parietal Cells: Pepsinogen
C. ECL cells: Histamine
D. Enterochromaffin cells: Intrinsic Factor

A

C. ECL cells: Histamine

32
Q

Feces is composed mainly of:

A. Water
B. Fat
C. Dead bacteria
D. Inorganic matter
E. Solid matter
A

A. Water

33
Q

(1) Long vagovagal reflexes from the stomach to the brain and back to the stomach, (2) local enteric reflexes, and (3) gastric mechanism are under what phase of gastric secretion?

A. Gastric phase
B. Cephalic phase
C. Intestinal phase
D. Intrinsic phase

A

A. Gastric phase

34
Q

What are the most potent stimuli for gastrin secretion?

A. Valine, Tryptophan
B. Phenylalanine, Tryptophan
C. Tryptophan, Arginine
D. Phenyalanine, Tyrosine

A

B. Phenylalanine, Tryptophan

35
Q

_________ is homologous to Gastrin in terms of structure?

A. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
B. Secretin
C. Cholecystokinin
D. Pancreatic polypeptide

A

C. Cholecystokinin

36
Q

During peristalsis, cholinergic neurons passing in an anterograde direction activate neurons that secrete the following EXCEPT:

A. NO
B. VIP
C. Substance P
D. ATP

A

C. Substance P

37
Q

Digestion of carbohydrates begins in the _______.

A. Stomach
B. Duodenum
C. Mouth
D. Cardia of the Stomach

A

C. Mouth

38
Q

Salivary alpha amylase cannot act on cellulose because of this type of bond:

A. Alpha 1➡️4
B. Beta 1➡️4
C. Beta 1➡️2
D. Alpha 1➡️2

A

B. Beta 1➡️4

39
Q

Carbohydrate digestion resumes in the _________.

A. Stomach
B. Transverse colon
C. Small intestine
D. Caecum

A

C. Small intestine

40
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Lingual lipase is a base stable lipase.

A

FALSE.

Lingual lipase is an acid stable lipase.

41
Q

What happens if the tone of the lower esophageal sphincter is decreased?

A

GERD (Gastro-esophageal Reflux Disorder)

42
Q

What happens if the lower esophageal sphincter does not relax during swallowing?

A

Achalasia

43
Q

TRUE or FALSE: The proximal half of the large intestine is for the storage of feces.

A

FALSE.

The proximal half is for the absorption of water while feces is stored in the distal half.

44
Q

The urge to defecate immediately after eating is due to what reflex?

A. Enterogastric reflex
B. Gastroileal reflex
C. Gastrocolic reflex
D. Rectosphincteric reflex

A

C. Gastrocolic reflex

45
Q

The most abundant pancreatic enzyme is _________.

A. Carboxypolypeptidase
B. Trypsin
C. Chymotrypsin
D. Insulin

A

B. Trypsin

46
Q

Trypsinogen is activated by an enzyme called _________.

A

ENTEROKINASE

47
Q

Trypsin inhibitor is formed in the ___________ of glandular cells.

A. Mitochondria
B. Cytoplasm
C. Ribosomes
D. Nucleus

A

B. Cytoplasm

48
Q

The two important components of the pancreatic juice are:

A. Hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions
B. Hydrogen ions and water
C. Bicarbonate ions and water
D. Carbon dioxide and water

A

C. Bicarbonate ions and water

49
Q

The digestive enzyme ptyalin (an alpha amylase) is secreted mainly by the _________.

A. Sublingual gland
B. Submandibular gland
C. Buccal gland
D. Parotid gland

A

D. Parotid gland

50
Q

The vagus nerve innervates the following GI structures EXCEPT:

A. Esophagus
B. Upper large intestine
C. Pancreas
D. Lower large intestine

A

D. Lower large intestine

51
Q

Which of the following substances is released from neurons in the GI tract and produces smooth muscle relaxation?

A. Secretin
B. Gastrin
C. CCK
D. VIP
E. GIP
A

D. VIP

52
Q

Which of the following is the site of secretion of intrinsic factor?

A. Gastric antrum 
B. Gastric fundus
C. Duodenum
D. Ileum
E. Colon
A

B. Gastric fundus

53
Q

Vibrio cholerae causes diarrhea because it

A. Increases HCO3- secretory channels in intestinal epithelial cells

B. Increases Cl- secretory channels in crypt cells

C. Prevents the absorption of glucose and causes water to be retained in the intestinal lumen isosmotically

D. Inhibits cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production in intestinal epithelial cells

E. Inhibits inositol 1, 4, 5-triphosphate (IP3) production in intestinal epithelial cells

A

B. Increases Cl- secretory channels in crypt cells

54
Q

CCK has some gastrin-like properties because both CCK and gastrin

A. Are released from G cells in the stomach
B. Are released from I cells in the duodenum
C. Are members of secretin-homologous family
D. Have five identical C-terminal amino acids
E. Have 90% homology of their amino acids

A

D. Have five identical C-terminal amino acids

GIT PHYSIOLOGY (1 decks)

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