Module Problem Set 1 Flashcards
Six levels of organization of the body are_______?
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ,organ system, organism
protection from internal environment or external environment is provided by what system?
integumentary system
the function of movement is provided by what system?
mucsular system
the function of responsiveness is______?
nervous system
the function of digestion is_____?
digestive
What are the 3 steps in cellular respiration?
Glycolysis, Citric Acid and electron transport
What is the purpose of ATP?
ATP is a molecule that gives energy to the cells
Epithelial cells perform what functions?
Epithelial cells secrete and absorb.
What are the four basic tissue types?
Epithelium, muscle, connective and nervous tissues
What is anabolism?
makes complex cells from basic ones
What is catabolism?
breaks down complex cells from simpler ones
Excretion involves what systems?
respiratory, urinary and digestive
The reproduction system is controlled by what other system?
hormones from the endoctrine system
Which tissue covers the body surface and lines the cavities of the body?
epithelium
toward or at the body surface is called what?
superficial
away from the body surface is called what?
deep
between more medial and more lateral structure is what orientation?
intermediate
toward or at the midline of the body or on the inner side of is what direction?
medial
away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure of the body is what direction?
inferior
toward the head end or upper part of a structure (above) is what direction
superior
toward or at the front of the body is what direction?
ventral
is the knee proximal or distal to the pelvis?
distal
is the elbow proximal or distal to the hand?
proximal
toward or at the back of the body is what direction?
dorsal or posterior
closing of a joint is what action?
flexion
opening of a joint is what action?
extension
an anatomical position are the hands in pronation or supination
supination
When in anatomical position, why are the hands in supination?
the bones of the forearms (radius/ulna) are uncrossed in the supination position
define elevation and depression??
elevation is moving upward
depression is moving downward
define retraction and protraction…
protraction- movement in anterior direction
retraction- movement in posterior direction
This body division includes the head, neck and trunk
axial division
This vertical plane that divides the body into right and left planes
sagittal
A transverse plane divides the body into two parts
superior and inferior
These cuts/sections are made diagonally between the horizontal and vertical planes
oblique
This body cavity protects the nervous system…
dorsal cavity
This body cavity encloses the brain…
cranial cavity
This cavity encloses the spinal cord…
spinal cavity
The frontal plane is also known as the……
coronal
The ventral body cavity is divided into these two cavities…
thoratic and adbominopelvic
This cavity encloses the heart
pericardial cavity
The outer surface of the organs and body cavities are covered by this double layered membrane called
serosa
What is pleurisy?
inflamation of the pleurae
the abdominopelvic region is divided into what four quadrants?
right upper, left upper
right lower, left lower
This region surrounds the naval
umbilical
This region houses the pelvis
lliac
This cavity houses the teeth and tongue
oral cavity
this cavity houses the eyes
orbital
Joints are lined with what?
synovial fluid
Name the Synovial cavity’s middle ear bones
middle ear: malleus, incus, stapes
Explain why active metabolizing cells need to be relatively small
Active metabolizing cells need to be small because as the cell expands, the surface area decreases. The metabolic cells are able to process waste and diffusions at a faster speed.
Explain 3 differences between prokaroyotic and eukaryotic cells.
- prokaryotic cells are typically smaller than eukayotic cells (prokaryotic means “before the nucleus”)
- Prokaryotic cells do not have a nuclear membrane
- prokaryotic cells do not contain membrane-bound organelles
Define Nucleus
Contains DNA and is the control center of the cell
what are ribosomes?
tiny manufacturing plants that assemble proteins
what is Smooth ER?
synthesis of lipids
what is rough ER?
modifies and transports proteins
what is RNA, or ribonucleaic acid synthesize?
proteins
what is endospore?
extremely durable and dormant cell that is made from bacteria which can lead to botulism;
what is golgi complex?
receives lipids and proteins synthesized by the endoplasmic reticulum , altering their structures and shipping them to other parts of the cell
What is Lysosome?
digestive enzymes which break down biomarcomolescules
What is mitochondria?
converts chemical energy found in ATP (which provides energy for the cell)
What is plasma membrane?
surrounds cells and contains “pumps” and gates” that regulate the passage of materials in & out of cell.
what are microtubules ?
hollow and attached to MTOC
what are microfilaments?
are solid and create movement
extracellular matrix
has collagen fibers which are found in humans and animals
Describe aerobic respiration and purpose of ATP
Eukayrokic cells must have mitochondria in order to converts chemical energy found in food (glucose) into ATP. ATP provides energy to the cell.During cellular respiration, oxygen helps break down the food. Carbon dioxide, water and ATP are made here.
What is tay-sachs disease?
Lacks digestive enzyme, lysosomes. Toxic lipid in brain cells cannot be broken down.. Lipids build up which can cause disability and death
What are 3 main differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
size, organelles and membranes
Diffusion is a form of what kind of transport? Passive or Active? Why?
Passive because more energy is released
