Module One (tech 2) Flashcards
What is microscopy, and what are the two main types?
Microscopy is the use of microscopes to observe small structures.
Light Microscopy: Uses visible light; suitable for live cells and basic structures.
Electron Microscopy: Uses electron beams for higher resolution.
What are key differences between plant and animal cells?
Plant Cells: Have a cell wall (cellulose), chloroplasts for photosynthesis, and a large central vacuole.
Animal Cells: Lack a cell wall, have prominent lysosomes, and use centrioles in cell division.
What is the eukaryotic endomembrane system, and what is its function?
The endomembrane system includes the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and plasma membrane.
Functions: Synthesizes, modifies, transports, and degrades molecules.
What are ribosomes, and what do they do?
Ribosomes are made of RNA and proteins. They synthesize proteins and can be free-floating in the cytosol or bound to the rough ER.
What is the function of mitochondria, and how did they originate?
Mitochondria produce ATP through cellular respiration. They originated from engulfed prokaryotic cells, explained by the endosymbiotic theory.
What is the function of chloroplasts, and how did they originate?
Chloroplasts perform photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy. They also originated from the endosymbiotic theory.
What are the components and functions of the cytoskeleton?
Components: Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.
Functions: Maintains cell shape, facilitates intracellular transport, aids cell division, and enables movement.
What extracellular components are found in animal and plant cells?
Animal Cells: Extracellular matrix (ECM) made of glycoproteins.
Plant Cells: Cell wall made of cellulose for rigidity and support.
What is the structure of cellular membranes?
Cellular membranes are composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
What are the key properties of cellular membranes?
Fluidity: Allows flexibility and movement.
Selective Permeability: Regulates molecule entry and exit.
What are the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic Cells: Lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; smaller and simpler (e.g., bacteria).
Eukaryotic Cells: Have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; larger and more complex (e.g., plants, animals).
What is diffusion, and what is an example?
Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration. Example: Oxygen entering cells.
What is osmosis?
Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
What are the three main types of transport across cellular membranes?
Passive Transport: No energy required; moves molecules down the concentration gradient (e.g., diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion).
Active Transport: Requires energy (ATP); moves molecules against the concentration gradient (e.g., sodium-potassium pump).
Bulk Transport:
Endocytosis: Intake of materials (e.g., phagocytosis).
Exocytosis: Release of materials.
