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Human Anatomy and Physiology Diploma > Module One > Flashcards

Module One Flashcards

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1
Q

Three main components of the Cardiovascular system.

A

Heart, blood, blood vessels

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2
Q

Two main functions of the cardiovascular system

A

Transport, protection

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3
Q

Arteries

A

generally carry blood from the chambers of the heart to the tissue of the body.

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4
Q

Veins

A

Carry blood to the chambers of the heart

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5
Q

Coronary arteries

A

carry blood from the chambers of the heart inside to the walls of the heart outside.

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6
Q

The two cycles of blood circulation

A

pulmonary cycle and systemic cycle

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7
Q

Pulmonary cycle

A

blood circulates from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart.

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8
Q

Systemic cycle

A

blood circulates from the heart to the rest of the body and back to the heart

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9
Q

Do fetuses use their pulmonary cycle?

A

No. Fetal blood flows to and from the placenta, and the heart has certain bypassing to avoid the pulmonary cycle. However, at birth their circulation changes back to its normal pattern.

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10
Q

System

A

a group of organs or parts that work together to accomplish a task or function.

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11
Q

Materials carried through the circulatory system.

A

Oxygen, nutrients, waste substances, hormones.

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12
Q

Oxygen carried through a circulatory system

A

it is obtained through external respiration, and is transported to individual cells for use in metabolic oxidation. This provides energy for the production of adenosine triphosphate, which is necessary for carrying on the life processes of the body.

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13
Q

Nutrients carried through a circulatory system

A

Some of the substances distributed to the body cells are products of the digestive system. These materials meet individual cell requirements for energy, growth, repair, synthesis of new materials, and storage for later use.

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14
Q

Waste substances carried through a circulatory system

A

Some substances are collected from the body cells for elimination. These include carbon dioxide, nitrogenous wastes, and other potentially harmful substances that are carried to organs like the lungs, liver, or kidneys for elimination from the body.

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15
Q

Hormones carried through a circulatory system.

A

they are the products of the endocrine glands. they are distributed through the body, like other substances, by circulatory systems. The tissue affected by these substances are usually called target organs. In turn, substances released by the target organs often affect the original endocrine. This results in a feedback system.

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16
Q

Three components of a circulatory system

A

vehicle, conduit, motive force

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17
Q

Vehicle

A

it is a fluid (flowing) medium. The materials being carried are dissolved or suspended in this fluid.

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18
Q

Examples of vehicles

A

blood, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid.

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19
Q

Conduits

A

kind of like pipes. They contain the fluid which materials are transported to and from the various parts of the body.

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20
Q

Examples of conduits

A

blood vessels, lymph vessels.

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21
Q

Motive forces

A

Motive forces act upon the vehicle to make it flow through the conduits.

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22
Q

Examples of motive forces

A

the heart

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23
Q

Examples of circulatory systems

A

cardiovascular system, lymphatic system, cerebrospinal fluid system. Lesser systems include the aqueous humor of the bulbus oculi, endolymph and perilymph, which are fluids of the inner ear.

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24
Q

What blood is composed of

A

plasma, formed elements

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25
Q

Plasma

A

makes up about 55 percent of the total blood volume. Major constituent is water.

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26
Q

What makes water a good vehicle

A

fluidity, universal solvent, non-compressible, ample heat carrying and releasing capacity.

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27
Q

substances carried by the plasma

A

various gases, end products of digestion, various control substances, waste products, three major plasma proteins (albumin, globulin, fibrinogen), dissolved salts (electrolytes)

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28
Q

Maintain the tonicity of Plasma

A

Plasma proteins and dissolved salts

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29
Q

Formed Elements

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets. Together, make up 40-45 percent of total blood volume.

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30
Q

Hematocrit

A

percentage by volume of red blood cells in the blood.

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31
Q

Erythrocytes

A

term for red blood cells

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32
Q

Hemoglobin

A

special protein which is found withing the red blood cells cytoplasm. Because of its iron atoms, it will readily pick up oxygen until it is saturated. At the same time, hemoglobin will readily give up oxygen in areas of low concentration.

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33
Q

Red blood cells

A

their primary function is to carry oxygen to the individual cells of the body.

34
Q

Bioconcave Disc

A

the normal, mature red blood cell has this shape. It results from the loss of the nucleus just before its final maturation. Since the shape increases surface area of the disc, there is an increase in the capacity for the flow of substances into and out of the red blood cell.

35
Q

Life cycle of red blood cell

A

Because of the loss of its nucleus, the red blood cell has a limited life period of about 120 days. At the end of this period, the spleen removes the “worn out” red blood cell, and the liver salvages the “pieces”, particularly the iron.

36
Q

White blood cells

A

is the immune system for the body

37
Q

Leucocytes

A

term for white blood cell

38
Q

Some types of white blood cells

A

neutrophils, monocytes, phagocytes, lymphocytes

39
Q

Phagocyte

A

capable of engulfing and absorbing bacteria and other small cells and particles. Some of these kinds of white blood cells are able to independently move out of the capillaries and penetrate into the tissue of the body.,

40
Q

Neutrophil

A

protect us from infections, among other functions. They make up approximately 40 percent to 60 percent of the white blood cells in our bodies,1 and are the first cells to arrive on the scene when we experience a bacterial infection.

41
Q

Monocyte

A

type of white blood cell that fight certain infections and help other white blood cells remove dead or damaged tissues, destroy cancer cells, and regulate immunity against foreign substances.

42
Q

Phagocytosis

A

process by which certain living cells called phagocytes ingest or engulf other cells or particles.

43
Q

Pus

A

when white blood cells die, their bodies accumulate to form a substance called ___

44
Q

Lymphocytes

A

involved with the immune system of the body, including the production of antibodies.

45
Q

Platelets

A

crucial in the blood clotting process

46
Q

Thrombocytes

A

term for platelets

47
Q

Megakaryocytes

A

term for cells of the bone marrow

48
Q

How platelets are made

A

they are fragments of former megakaryocyte cells.

49
Q

How oxygen is transported through the cardiovascular system.

A

oxygen is the air filling the alveolus of the lung. The oxygen passes through the walls of the alveolus and capillary to become dissolved in the plasma of the blood. Most of the dissolved oxygen is rapidly picked up by the hemoglobin of the red blood cells. Thus, the red blood cell is the main transporting element for oxygen in the blood.

50
Q

How carbon dioxide is transported through the cardiovascular system.

A

carbon dioxide is produced during metabolic oxidation (aerobic metabolism, aerobic respiration, cell respiration) within the individual cell. It passes through the cell membrane and the wall of the capillary to become dissolved in the plasma of the blood. Through action of an enzyme in the red blood cells, most of the carbon dioxide is transformed into bicarbonate ions.

51
Q

How nutrients are transported through the cardiovascular system.

A

Other substances, such as the end products of digestion, are also carried by the blood. They are either dissolved or suspended in the plasma.

52
Q

The cardiovascular system is critical to the mobilisation of energy in these areas

A

Transport of glucose and oxygen, transport of hormones, transport of fats, prioritisation of blood supply.

53
Q

Transport of glucose and oxygen

A

The blood carries glucose and oxygen around the body. Energy is released from the glucose during metabolic oxidation and stored in ATP molecules. This stores energy can then be retrieved when required by the life processes of the body.

54
Q

Hormones affect on the body

A

When the hormone epinephrine (adrenaline) is secreted by the adrenal gland, it is delivered to all parts of the body by the cardiovascular system. Among other effects, epinephrine increases the rate of metabolism of all cells of the body. This helps to mobilise energy during a “fight-or-flight” stress reaction.

55
Q

Transport of fat + use as energy

A

In periods where much energy is required, the body can use its stores of fat as a source of energy. The lymphatic circulatory system picks up the end products of lipids (fat) digestion and carries them to the cardiovascular system. This fat is generally deposited throughout the body, particularly the subcutaneous layer, as yellow fat. In rapid turnover, the high energy content of the fat is released for the use throughout the body.

56
Q

Brown fat

A

in infants, there is often this type of fat at the junctions of the major blood vessels. In periods of high energy requirements, this brown fat releases energy into the bloodstream immediately.

57
Q

Prioritisation of blood supply

A

blood can be delivered to the body parts where it is most needed. For example, when a specific portion of the cerebral cortex is active, more blood is delivered to that portion.

58
Q

Transectioin

A

cutting across

59
Q

Hemorrhage

A

When a large volume of whole blood escapes the blood vessels.

60
Q

Vascular Contraction

A

The first response to a cut or ruptured vessels is contraction (spasm) of the blood vessel itself. This may considerably reduce the volume of blood loss. Also, at this stage, platelets move towards the cut in the vessel wall.

61
Q

Platelet plug

A

If the hole is small, a plug formed by clumping of the platelets, may be adequate to stop the bleeding.

62
Q

Coagulation

A

Term for blood clot

63
Q

Blood clotting process

A

there is a complicated process for sealing off holes or ends of blood vessels after a cut or rupture. By this process, called coagulation or clotting, the blood forms a solid mass to seal the opening where the blood is escaping. This mass is called a blood clot. After many intermediate steps, the protein fibrinogen of the blood is converted into sticky strands of fibrin. These sticky strands adhere to the wall of the opening and form a meshwork in the opening, which traps red blood cells and plasma. Thus, the opening is sealed.

64
Q

Blood reservoirs and their purpose

A

Certain ares of the body contain sufficient blood to enable them to be used as reservoirs to maintain the circulating blood volume. This is important when a volume of blood has been lost through hemorrhage. Among these are the spleen and the liver, whose sinuses together can release several hundred millilitres of blood. Also important are several groups of veins, including large abdominal veins, which can also provide several hundred millilitres of blood.

65
Q

Hematoma

A

a collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue. When found immediately beneath the skin, it will produce a purplish-red spot or mark. With time, as the clot is broken down and re-absorbed, it changes colour and becomes smaller. Much more severe version of a bruise.

66
Q

Blood transfusion process and purpose

A

In cases where an individual has lost whole blood by hemorrhaging, it is often necessary to give transfusions of whole blood. Whole blood transfusion continue the functions of red blood cells. On the other hand, if an individual has suffered burns causing a loss of fluid but not he loss of formed elements, plasma or a plasma substitute will often be used.

67
Q

Antigen

A

Toxic or other foreign substance inducing an immune response. They are substances on the surface of red blood cells that vary among individuals.

68
Q

Antibodies

A

blood protein produced in response to antigens.

69
Q

Antigen blood classifications

A

ABO system and the Rh system

70
Q

Roles the cardiovascular system plays in control of body temperature.

A

Elimination of excess heat, conservation of body heat, control of core temperature, control of core temperature – counter current mechanism, cooling of organs with a high metabolic rate, warming of in-flowing air, erythema.

71
Q

Elimination of excess heat

A

heat is produced as a by-product by various activities of the human body, particularly muscular contraction. When excess heat is accumulated, it must be eliminated from the body to maintain a healthy condition. Water has a great heat carrying capacity. There are superficial capillary beds in the subcutaneous layer, close to the surface of the body. When the blood flows through these beds, some of its heat can radiate directly to the surrounding environment. Also, the sweat glands take water from the blood and secrete it onto the surface of the skin. here, even more calories of heat are lost during the evaporation of the water.

72
Q

Conservation of body heat

A

If the body has an insufficient amount of heat, heat loss must be reduced. For this purpose, the superficial capillary beds can be closed down. Then, fat in the subcutaneous layer serves as insulation.

73
Q

Core temperature control

A

Unlike the peripheral portions of the body, whose temperatures may vary considerably, the center of the body must be maintained at a certain temperature within very narrow limits. There are special temperature detectors in the hypothalamus of the forebrain stem. These continuously monitor the temperature of the blood flowing through the brain.

74
Q

Temperature control counter current mechanism

A

the blood system uses a counter current mechanism to maintain core temperature. The peripheral blood in the limps is much cooler then the blood at the center of the body. Therefore, it must be warmed on its way back. The arteries and veins of the limbs are located side by side as they extend from the trunk and through the length of the limb. As it returns, cool venous blood is gradually warmed by the arterial blood flowing in the opposite direction.

75
Q

Cooling of organs with high metabolic rate

A

Certain organs of the body, such as the brain and the liver, have relatively high metabolic rates. Because of this, they produce excessive heat. Part of the blood supply to these organs is specifically designed to remove the excess calories of heat.

76
Q

Warming of the in-flowing heat

A

As blood flows through the arteries of the mucoperiosteum of the nasal chambers, the in-flowing air is warmed.

77
Q

Mucoperiosteum

A

mucus membrane over a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints.

78
Q

Erythema

A

redness, often at the sight of infection or injury. Caused by excessive blood flow called hyperemia. This can also occur in response to cold temperatures. The redness indicates that extra blood

79
Q

Hyperemia

A

excess blood flow in the vessels supplying blood to that organ or part of the body.

80
Q

Epinephrine

A

term for adrenaline

81
Q

Subcutaneous layer

A

Subcutaneous tissue, which is also known as the hypodermis, is the innermost layer of skin. It’s made up of FAT and connective tissues that house larger blood vessels and nerves, and it acts as an insulator to help regulate body temperature.

82
Q

Superficial capillary

A

capillaries located near the surface of the skin and are usually used to release heat.

Human Anatomy and Physiology Diploma (1 decks)

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