Module One Flashcards
Monomer
The smaller units from which larger molecules are made
Polymer
Molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together
Monosaccharide
The monomers from which larger carbohydrates are made
e.g. glucose, fructose, galactose
Disaccharide
Formed from the condensation of two monosaccharides
e.g. maltose. sucrose, lactose
Condensation
The removal of one molecule of water from two monomers, forming a chemical bond
glucose + glucose
maltose
glucose + fructose
sucrose
glucose + galactose
lactose
Starch
Polysaccharide in plants.
Alpha glucose
amylose and amylopectin
Glycogen
In animals
Alpha glucose
Cellulose
Plant Cell Walls
Beta glucose
Microfibrils
Glycosidic bond
Chemical bond between two sugar molecules. Its formed by a condensation reaction
Amylose
1,4-glycosidic bonds
helical
compact
insoluble
amylopectin
1,4 and 1,6-glycosidic bonds
branched for rapid hydrolysis
insoluble
Triglyceride
Formed by the condensation of one glycerol and 3 fatty acids
3 ester bonds
Phospholipids
one glycerol, 2 fatty acids, phosphate group
properties of triglycerides (hint: MILL)
Metabollic water source meaning when its oxidised, water is released
Insoluble so doesnt affect water potential
Long fatty acid chains release lots of energy when broken
Low mass allows lots to be stored
Draw the structure of an amino acid
H2N - CH(R) - COOH
Describe the structures of proteins
Primary: the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
Secondary: The folding and coiling of a primary protein to create an a helix or B pleated sheet. Held in place by H bonds
Tertiary: Further folding to create a unique 3D shape. Ionic, H, disulfide between R groups
Quaternary: 1+ polypeptide chains
Enzymes
tertiary proteins that speed up the rate of reaction. They either; bend bonds so they’re easier to break, or bring molecules together to overcome the natural repulsion
Induced Fit Model
Active site is not initially complementary to the substrate. the active site moulds around the substrate and puts pressure on the bonds. Lowers the activation energy
What is the effect of substrate concentration on an enzyme controlled reaction?
At low substrate concentrations, fewer collisions.
At high concentrations, the rate plateaus as all enzyme active sites become saturated
What is the effect of enzyme concentration on enzyme controlled reactions?
At low enzymeconcentrations, fewer collisions.
At high concentrations, the rate plateaus as there are more enzymes than the substrate. Many empty active sites
isomer
molecules with the same molecular formula but the atoms are arranged differently
what is DNA
store of genetic information
polymer of nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds
nucleotide
monomer of DNA and RNA that contains a pentose sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
features of DNA
Long
Double Stranded
Back Bone
Weak H bonds
mRNA
a copy of a gene
single stranded polymer of RNA
tRNA
found only in the cytoplasm
single stranded but folded into a clover
amino acid binding site and anti codon complementary to mRNA
rRNA
combines with protein to make a ribosome
process of DNA replication
1) DNA helicase separates two strands by breaking hydrogen bonds
2) Each strand acts as a template
3) free nucleotides attach to exposed bases contain A, T, G, C
4)DNA polymerase joins nucleotides, forming phosphodiester bonds
Structure of ATP
Ribose, adenine, 3x Pi
Uses of ATP
Release energy in small amounts
Easily hydrolysed
Rapidly re-synthesised
Cant leave cells
Phosphorylate compounds to make them more reactive
Properties and functions of water (SMLCH)
Solvent - many substances dissolve, specifically polar molecules
Metabolite - water is used in many reactions
Latent heat of vaporistion - lots of energy to convert to gas so lots of heat energy transferred to sweat
Cohesive - due to hydrogen bonds. Columns and surface tension
High specific heat capacity - lots of energy to raise the temperature so acts as a buffer
