Module One

Question 1

4 mechanisms of odor action

Answer 1

1. quasi-pharmacological
2. semantic
3. hedonic
4. placebo

Chp. 1; aroma text

Question 2

Explain quasi-pharmacological mechanism

Answer 2

• similar to pharmacological mechanism w/ EOs
• “quasi” refers specifically to the significantly smaller dosage of active constituents
• affecting factors: biological parameters + direct dose

Chp. 1; aroma text

Question 3

Explain semantic action

Answer 3

• based on associations made with situations involving that scent
• often utilized w/ odor conditioning
• affecting factors: culture + personal experiences. When dose exceeds specific limit = memory association may change/disappear

Chp. 1; aroma text

Question 4

Explain hedonic mechanism

Answer 4

• based on pleasant OR unpleasant feelings caused by particular odors
• affecting factors: culture; inverse U, increase in dose until optimal range is met, further increasing equates to a negative response

Chp. 1; aroma text

Question 5

Explain placebo mechanism

Answer 5

• effect due to particular expections of the subject
• “reputation” of an odor is important here
• affecting factors: strongly depend on the expectations of the individual + info provided. Interpersonal variability is expected (some respond more readily than others)

Chp. 1; aroma text

Question 6

Explain “qualitative research”?

Answer 6

• gathers participants’ experiences, perceptions, and behavior.
• answers the hows and whys instead of how many or how much.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470395/

Question 7

Explain “quantitative research”

Answer 7

• deals with data that are numerical or that can be converted into numbers.
• basic methods used to investigate numerical data are called ‘statistics’
• statistical techniques are concerned with the organisation, analysis, interpretation and presentation of numerical data

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/quantitative-resear

Question 8

Categories that primary research falls into are…

Answer 8

• Lab experiments: animal/volunteer in artificial + controlled surroundings
• Comparative clinical trials: simple/complex experiment offered to group of participants + followed up w/ to see what happens
• Surveys
• Organizational case studies: researcher attempts to capture complexity of a change effort through a story (attempting to implement evidence)
• Cohort studies: group of individuals are followed up to see what happens to them

Chp 3; How To Read a Paper

Question 9

parallel group comparison

Answer 9

each group receives a diff. treatment, w/ both groups being entered at the same time; results are analysed by comparing groups

Chp 3; How To Read a Paper

Question 9

randomized comparison

Answer 9

every participant is allocated at random to the intervention or control group

Chp 3; How To Read a Paper

Question 9

paired/matched comparison

Answer 9

participants receiving diff. treatments are matched to balance potential confounding variables (age, sex); results are analysed in terms of diff. between pairs

Chp 3; How To Read a Paper

Question 10

within-participant comparison

Answer 10

participants assessed before and after intervention; results are analysed in terms of within-participant changes

Chp 3; How To Read a Paper

Question 11

single-blind

Answer 11

participants do not know which treatment they are receiving

Chp 3; How To Read a Paper

Question 12

double-blind

Answer 12

participants + investigators do not know which treatment they are receiving/giving

Chp 3; How To Read a Paper

Question 13

cross-over

Answer 13

each participant received both the intervention and control treatments (randomly); typically separated by a “washout” period

Chp 3; How To Read a Paper

Question 14

placebo-controlled

Answer 14

control participants receive placebo that looks and tastes identical to real treatment; placebo operations can only be used in trials of surgery

Chp 3; How To Read a Paper

Question 15

factorial design

Answer 15

study that permits investigation of the effects (both separately + combined) of more than one independent variable on a given outcome

Chp 3; How To Read a Paper

Question 16

incidence

Answer 16

number of new cases of a disease per year

Chp 3; How To Read a Paper

Question 17

prevalence

Answer 17

overall proportion of the population who have the disease

Chp 3; How To Read a Paper

Question 18

3 preliminary questions to get your bearings

Answer 18

1. Why was the study needeed + what was the research question?
2. What was the research design? Lab experiments, surveys, RCTs, cohort studies, etc
3. Was the research design appropriate to the question?

Chp 3; How To Read a Paper