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BIOA02 > MODULE ONE > Flashcards

MODULE ONE Flashcards

1
Q

Which organism is the first ancestor to plants?

A

Green Algae

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2
Q

Which classes make up Bryophytes?

A

Liverworts
Mosses (1&2)
Hornworts

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3
Q

Which is the oldest evolutionary group that make up Bryophytes?

A

Liverworts

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4
Q

Which class is most closely related to Green Algae?

A

Liverworts

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5
Q

List the classes that make up Bryophytes from least to most diverse.

A
  1. Hornworts
  2. Liverworts
  3. Mosses
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6
Q

Describe the physical characteristics of Liverworts.

A

Plant bodies are often flattened

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7
Q

Describe the physical characteristics of Mosses.

A

Mosses are the most diverse class under bryophytes and come in different shapes, colours, and sizes

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8
Q

Describe the physical characteristics of Hornworts.

A

Plant bodies are often flattened, also grow ‘horns’ to reproduce

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9
Q

How to Bryophytes differ from Vascular Plants?

A
  • Small in size
  • Lack vascular tissue
  • Lack true roots, only rhizoids (tiny filamentous ‘roots’)
  • No or very limited cuticle
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10
Q

What does vascular tissue consist of?

A

Xylem & Phloem

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11
Q

What is the function of the Xylem?

A

Transports water through the tissue upwards

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12
Q

What is the function of the Phloem?

A

Photosynthetic tissues move down to where the plant is growing

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13
Q

Describe the characteristics of the Xylem and the consequences of such.

A

Xylem cells are very strong and acts as a backbone for the plants resulting in non-woody(herbaceous) plants to grow relatively tall

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14
Q

Describe water transport in Bryophytes.

A

Water permeates from cell-to-cell passively. Results in less fast transportation and restricts the maximum size of the plant.

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15
Q

Why are Bryophytes typically small?

A

They do not have xylem (vascular tissue), their cells are less strong and lack a back bone. The way they transport water (cell-to-cell) is slow and less efficient which is another factor that contributes to this characteristic. They lack enforced cells or tissue to keep them upright beyond a small maximum size

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16
Q

Do Bryophytes have true roots? Explain:

A

They lack true roots, but have rhizoids (tiny filamentous ‘roots’)
- it is good enough for anchoring
- not great for uptake of resources
- unlike vascular plants, rhizoids are not made up of vascular tissue

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17
Q

Since Bryophytes either have no or very limited cuticle, what are the consequences of such adaptation?

A

Quick loss & quick uptake of water along whole surface
Bryophytes prefer wet/moist ecosystems

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18
Q

List the steps in the life cycle (generalized alternation of generations) of Bryophytes in order.

A
  1. Gametes (egg &sperm)
  2. Fertilization
  3. Zygote
    - mitosis
    4.Embryo
    -mitosis
  4. Sporophyte
  5. Meiosis
    7.Spores
    -mitosis
  6. Gametophyte
    -mitosis
  7. Gametes (repeat)
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19
Q

What is the male reproductive organ in Bryophytes called?

A

Antheridia/Antheridium

20
Q

What is the female reproductive organ in Bryophytes called?

A

Archegonia/Archegonium

21
Q

How many eggs does each archegonium hold?

A

One

22
Q

How do Bryophytes take up water?

A

Shoots
Leaves
Rhizoids

23
Q

Where are spermatozoids produced in Bryophytes?

A

Antheridium/Antheridia

24
Q

What is the name of the structure supporting the spore capsule?

A

Seta

25
Q

What is the function of the cuticle?

A

It is a thin layer used in the vast majority of plants to seal leaves against desiccation. Also a hydrophobic layer.

26
Q

Describe the characteristics and function of the the spermatozoid.

A

It has two self-propelled flagellae and chemo-detectors which allow it to swim over short distances towards the female gametophyte to fertilize the egg cell.

27
Q

What are the conditions for fertilization to occur in Bryophytes?

A

Water dependent, but a thin water film is enough

28
Q

When do chemotaxis occur in the Bryophyte life cycle?

A

Spermatozoids can chemically taste their environment to find the female archegonium

29
Q

What components make up a Sporophyte?

A

Seta
Spore Capsule

30
Q

Which parts of the Bryophyte life cycle is diploid?

A

Sporophyte
-seta
-wall of spore capsule

31
Q

Which parts of the Bryophyte life cycle is haploid?

A

Gametes (Egg and Sperm)
Spores
Gametophyte
Antheridia
Archegonium
Protonema
Spermatozoid

32
Q

Which generation(s) are short lived in Bryophytes?

A

The diploid part
-Sporophyte

33
Q

Which generation(s) are dominant in Bryophytes?

A

The haploid part
-Gameophyte

34
Q

Which unit of the life cycle in Bryophytes is wind dispersed?

A

Spores

35
Q

Which group among bryophytes is most closely related to lycophytes

A

Hornworts

36
Q

Which parts of a plant are photosynthetic in moss?

A

Gametophyte
Protonema

37
Q

Which unit of the following life cycle is mobile and self-propelled?

A

Spermatozoid

38
Q

Where is the egg cell in Bryophytes contained in?

A

Archegonium/Archegonia

39
Q

Which group within bryophytes is most closely related to vascular plants?

A

Hornworts

40
Q

What is the name of the structure from which female and male gametophytes grow in bryophytes?

A

Protonema

41
Q

Which group among the bryophytes is evolutionary the youngest?

A

Hornworts

42
Q

What are the differences between water dependent dispersal and wind-dependent dispersal in Bryophytes?

A

Water dependent dispersal is short distance is used for spermatozoids. Wind dependent dispersal is long-distance and is used for spores.

43
Q

In germination, how is the sex of the gametophyte decided?

A

Half the spores in the spore capsule have the genes to produce female gametophytes, and the other half has the genes to produce male gametophytes.

44
Q

How do Bryophytes in the desert survive?

A

They have adapted to survive the complete loss of water. When there is no water, the plant goes into a ‘hibernation’ type state where they do not grow, reproduce, or photosynthesize. When it rains, they uptake water quickly and resume growth.

45
Q
A

BIOA02 (1 decks)

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