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OB > Module one > Flashcards

Module one Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 parts of the breast and their function?

A

Glandular tissue for milk production
Connective tissue for support
Adipose tissue for cushion

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2
Q

What is the function of the areola?

A

Montgomerys tubercles for lubrication

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3
Q

How many openings does the nipple have?

A

Nipple has 15-20 lactiferous duct openings

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4
Q

What does the outer uterine muscle do?

A

Longitudinal muscle layer
contract –> Expulsion of the fetus

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5
Q

What does the middle uterine muscle do?

A

Interlacing muscle fibers
Constricts blood vessels after birth –> control any bleeds

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6
Q

What does the inner uterine muscle do?

A

Circular muscle fibers
Forms sphincters at the fallopian tubes which is key in maintaining cervical integrity during pregnancy and dilation in labor
Maintains pregnancy

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7
Q

Which 3 cycles are all working at the same time?

A

Hypothalamus pituitary-ovary cycle
Ovarian cycle
Endometrial (menstrual) cycle

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8
Q

What occurs in the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary cycle?

A

Hypothalamus secretes GnRH (gonad releasing hormone) –>
Anterior pituitary secretes FSH and LH –>
Ovaries secrete estrogen and progesterone

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9
Q

What does the elevation or estrogen and progesterone cause?

A

Inhibits GnRH

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10
Q

What is FSH? What does it do?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

Stimulates the follicle which house the egg to mature and grow
From primary egg –> mature egg

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11
Q

What is LH? What does it do?

A

Luteinizing hormone

After ovulation, converts the empty follicle into the corpus luteum which secrete estrogen and progesterone and supports this structure –> support for early pregnancy until the placenta forms

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12
Q

What are the 3 type of estrogens and when are they available?

A

Estradiol - only during reproductive years
Estriol - only during pregnancy
Estrone - estrogen of menopause

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13
Q

What is the progesterone?

A

The hormone of pregnancy

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14
Q

What are the two different prostaglandins and what do they do?

A

PGE: vasodilates - smooth muscle relaxant
PGF: vasoconstricts - smooth muscle contractor

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15
Q

What is the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle? When does it occur?

A

Days 1-14 but Variable in length

Growth of follicle from primary to mature
LH surge –> release of the egg
Estrogen dominance so it build and builds

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16
Q

What is the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle? When does it occur?

A

Days 15-28

Conversion of empty follicle into the corpus luteum
Progesterone dominance (working on endometrial layer and making it ready for an egg)
Relatively constant (average 14 days)

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17
Q

What are the 3 phases of the uterine/mentstural cycle? No pregnancy?

A

Ischemic/menstrual phase (bleeding)
Proliferative phase (estrogen dominance)
Secretory phase (progesterone dominance and ready for egg)
IF NO PREGNANCY –> menstrual phase again

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18
Q

What is the calculation for determining when ovulation will likely occur?

A

Number of day until period - 14

Therefore if mensuration is on day 28, expect to be ovulating on day 14

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19
Q

When does conception occur in a 28 day cycle?

A

2 weeks after then LMP (last menstrual period)

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20
Q

What does gestational age include?

A

LMP week and the following week (pre-ovulation)

Adds 2 weeks to pregnancy

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21
Q

How many days are you pregnant for both post-conceptual and gestional?

A

Pregnant for 266 post-conceptual days

Pregnant for 280 gestational days

(40 weeks, 10 lunar months, 9ish calendar months)

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22
Q

Are babies usually born on their exact due date?

A

No, usually born +/- 2 weeks

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23
Q

When is the first trimester?

A

0-12 weeks and 6 days

Organogenesis/cellular hyperplasia

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24
Q

What is the second trimester?

A

13 week -27 weeks and 6 days

Cellular hyperplasia and hypertrophy

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25
Q

When is the third trimester?

A

28 weeks - delivery

Cellular hypertrophy

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26
Q

Where does the mature egg and remaining sperm meet? How long can an egg survive? How long can sperm survive?

A

In the ampulla - outter 1/3 of fallopian tube

Egg survives 12-24 hours (fertile for 6-12)

Sperm survives up to 72 hours

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27
Q

What are the 3 things that occur in conception/fertilization?

A

Mature egg meets remaining sperm in ampulla
Capacitation
Acrosomal reaction

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28
Q

How long can an egg survive? How long can sperm survive?

A

Egg survives 12-24 hours (fertile period 6-12 hours)

Sperm survive up to 72 hours (some say longer)

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29
Q

What occurs in capacitation in conception/fertilization? Why it is necessary?

A

Removal of sperm’s plasma membrane which allows for acrosomal reaction
Sperms plasma membrane needs to be removed to enter egg

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30
Q

What occurs in acrosomal reaction in conception/fertilization? Zona reaction is?

A

Allows production of enzymes to weaken the carona radiata (outer layer or ovum) to allow sperm in

Zona reaction - closes the door and blocks penetration of other sperm

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31
Q

What are the two processes for cellular growth?

A

Cellular multiplication
Cellular differentiation

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32
Q

What are the 5 things that occur in cellular multiplicaiton?

A

Zygote
Blastomere
Morula
Blastocyst
Trophoblast

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33
Q

What is the zygote? When does this occur?

A

46 chromosomes

Day 1 and 2

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34
Q

What is the Morula? Does it change in size? When does this occur? Where is it?

A

16 cell ball
Inner and outer cell mass of the zygote

No change in size - about size of the head of a pin

Day 3

Egg has been fertilized but has yet to implant in the uterus

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35
Q

What is the inner cell mass called? How many cells? What does it become? When does this occur?

A

Blastocyst

100 cells

Becomes embryonic disc, amnion, yolk sac

Days 4-5

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36
Q

What is the outer cell mass? What does it become? When does this occur?

A

Trophoblast

Becomes chorion and placenta

Days 4-5

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37
Q

Implantation happens when? What occurs during implantation?

A

Day 6-10

Throphoblasts burrow into endometrium
Early placenta
Formation of chorionic vili

38
Q

What does the formation of chorionic villi lead to?

A

Secrete hCG
Maintain estrogen and progesterone –> Inhibits the ovarian and menstrual cycles

39
Q

When does cellular differentiation occur? When is it completed by?

A

Days 10-14

Completed by 10 weeks gestation

40
Q

What are the 5 things that occur in cellular differentiation?

A

Primary germ layers differentiate
Embryonic membranes form
Amniotic fluid
Yolk sac for primitive RBCs
Umbilical cord

41
Q

What are the 5 things that occur in cellular multiplicaiton?

A

Zygote
Blastomere
Morula
Blastocyst
Trophoblast

42
Q

What are the primary germ layers? What is the function of them? When do they differentiate?

A

Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

Determine all of our organ system

Differentiate at 10-14 days

43
Q

What embryonic membranes are formed during cellular differentiation?

A

Chorion and amnion

44
Q

Where do chorionic villi extend? What is the purpose of this?

A

Extend into maternal blood filled endometrium

Space between villi and maternal BF called Intervillous space is site for gas exchange, nutrient, and waste exchange

**no connection of fetal and maternal blood

45
Q

What is the amnion? What does the amnion adhere to?

A

Inner cell mass (blastocysts)

Adheres to chorion

46
Q

What is the ectoderm responsible for?

A

Epidermis
Hair
Teeth
Nose
CNS

47
Q

What is the mesoderm responsible for?

A

Dermis
Muscles
Bones
Kidneys
CVS
Lymphatic tissue
Spleen

48
Q

What is the endoderm responsible for?

A

Respiratory and digestive tract linings
Bladder
Liver
Pancreas

49
Q

During morphologic development after conception what occur in week 1? Week 2? Week 3-10?

A

Week 1: fertilization - blastocyst
Week 2: Implantation
Week 3-10: endo, meso, ecto all differentiate to form all organ systems

50
Q

During morphologic development after conception what is the risk?

A

These structure are most vulnerable to damage at this time

51
Q

What are teratogens? What are 4 different categroies?

A

Cause of abnormal development in embryo

Chromosomal
Drug related
Radiation or other environmental
Infectious agents (TORCH)

52
Q

What are drugs that are teratogenic?

A

Prescription (Category X or D)
OTC, Herbal, Caffeine
Recreational drugs
Alcohol

53
Q

What are the categories of drugs and their risk for pregnant women?

A

Category A: OK
Category B: No risk to animals
Category C: Questionable risk
Category D: Evidence of risk
Category X: Definite risk

54
Q

When does the heart beat occur?

A

28 days after conception

55
Q

When does male differentiation begin? Why?

A

4-6 weeks

D/t sex region determining gene on “short” arm of Y chromosome

56
Q

When are all organ structures formed by?

A

8-10 weeks

57
Q

When does fetal breathing begin?

A

by 16 weeks

58
Q

What is the youngest preterm survivior?

A

23 weeks

59
Q

What makes up the umbilical cord?

A

Connecting stalk
2 arteries
One vein

60
Q

What is the role of the arteries in the umbilical cord? What is the role of the vein in the umbilical cord?

A

Arteries: away from fetus and thin thick wall

Vein: to fetus and large think wall

61
Q

What is the function of amniotic fluid? (7)

A

Cushions the fetus from injury and umbilical cord
Enable fetus to grow
Provides fetus with stable thermal environment
Enable fetus to practice swallowing and breathing
Prevents adherence to membranes
GI development
Allows for MSK development

62
Q

What is amniotic fluid made of before 20 weeks? After 20 weeks?

A

Before 20: diffusion from maternal blood

After 20: largely fetal urine

63
Q

How much urine does a fetus swallow and urinate by term?

A

1000 ml

64
Q

What does amniotic fluid contain (10)

A

Urea
Uric acid
Bilirubin
Fructose
Fat
Leukocytes
Proteins
Epithelial cells
Enzymes
Lanugo

65
Q

What is the placenta? What is it composed of?

A

New, temporary organ

Composed of cells from 2 individuals: Maternal (decidua) and Fetal (chorion)

66
Q

What does the uterine lining develop? What is it receptive to?

A

Decidua basalis (outer most layer of endometrium and will eventually become moms side of the placenta)

Receptive to chorionic villi (implants into decidua basalis )

67
Q

What 2 things does trophoblasts differentiate into?

A

Cytotrophoblast (inner layer) ​
Syncytiotrophoblast (outer layer)

68
Q

What are the functions of the placenta?

A

Endocrine: hormone production
Metabolic - facilitates hydrostatic and osmotic pressure gradients for active and facilitated transport of nutrients and waste

69
Q

What hormones does the placenta produce?

A

Human placental lactogen (hPL) ​
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) ​
Progesterone​
Estrogen

70
Q

What are the 2 goals of fetal circulation?

A

Maintain blood flow to the placenta
Shunt blood away from lungs and liver

71
Q

How is fetal circulation accomplished?

A
  1. Ductus venosus: bypasses liver by going from umbilical cord to IVC
  2. Foramen ovale: bypasses right ventricle using a hole between right and left atria
  3. Ductus arteriosus: bypasses pulmonary artery/lungs using a hole between pulmonary artery and descending aorta
72
Q

Monozygotic are what type of twin? What do they form from? Amnions/chorions?

A

Identical twins

One egg and one sperm

Two amnions and one chorion

73
Q

Dizygotic are what type of twin? What do they form from? Amnions/chorions?

A

Fraternal

Two eggs and two sperm

Two amnions and two chorion

74
Q

What is genetic material carried on?

A

DNA stands called chromosomes

75
Q

How many chromosomes does each pair have? How many pairs do you have?

A

23 chromosomes for each pair
2 pairs

total of 46 chromosomes

76
Q

How many pairs of non-sex? How many pairs are sex?

A

22 pairs of autosomes (non-sex)

1 pair of sex chromosomes (XX or XY)

77
Q

What chromosomes are received from mom? dad?

A

Mom (XX) - always gives an X

Dad (XY) - can give X or Y so determines sex of offspring

78
Q

What does a 3rd chromosome on 21 cause?

A

Trisomy 21 or downs syndrome

79
Q

What is a genotype?

A

What you are made of
Chromosomes
Bb
Karyotype is picture analysis of this

80
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

What you look like
Observable expression of genes in an individual
Brown hair, blue eyes

81
Q

What is penetrance?

A

Strength of the gene (statistical variability)
EX: 95% penetrance means 95% will get it

82
Q

What is expression?

A

Individual variability
How penetrant this particular gene actually was
Ex: either expressed or isnt expressed

83
Q

What is the chance of an infant defect, chromosomal abnormality, genetic disease or developmental disability in every pregnancy?

A

3-5%

84
Q

What does euploidy mean?

A

Correct number of chromosomes

85
Q

What does aneuploidy mean? Examples? Risk to pregnancy?

A

incorrect number of chromosomes

Monosomies (45 chromosomes): 45X, turner syndrome in females
Trisomies (47 chromosomes): trisomy 21 - downs

Leading cause of pregnancy loss

86
Q

What is autosomal dominant disroder? Does it affect makes and females?

A

50% chance in offspring

One affected parent (Bb) and unaffected parent (bb)

Equally affects males and females

EX: huntington disease and marfan syndrome

87
Q

What is an autosomal recessive disorder?

A

Characterized by both parents being carriers

25% will be affects, 25% will be unaffected, 50% will be a carrier

88
Q

What autosomal recessive disorders are commonly assessed for in pregnancy?

A

Cystic fibrosis
Sickle cell anemia
Tay Sachs
Most metabolic disorders (PKU, etc.)

89
Q

Who does X-linked recessive disorder affect? Does males get it from dad?

A

Effect are passed to males

Males cannot pass to sons because it is x-linked

90
Q

What are the chances that mom will pass x-linked recessive gene to son? To daughter?

A

50% chance mother will pass gene to her sons

50% chance her daughters will be carriers

91
Q

If a man is affected by a X-linked recessive disorder what is the chance that daughter will be a carreir?

A

100%

92
Q

What are 4 chromosomal problems?

A

Neural tube defects
Cleft lip or palate
Congenital hip dysplasia
Pyloric stenosis

OB (16 decks)

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