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Module one Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 parts of the breast and their function?

A

Glandular tissue for milk production
Connective tissue for support
Adipose tissue for cushion

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2
Q

What is the function of the areola?

A

Montgomerys tubercles for lubrication

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3
Q

How many openings does the nipple have?

A

Nipple has 15-20 lactiferous duct openings

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4
Q

What does the outer uterine muscle do?

A

Longitudinal muscle layer
contract –> Expulsion of the fetus

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5
Q

What does the middle uterine muscle do?

A

Interlacing muscle fibers
Constricts blood vessels after birth –> control any bleeds

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6
Q

What does the inner uterine muscle do?

A

Circular muscle fibers
Forms sphincters at the fallopian tubes which is key in maintaining cervical integrity during pregnancy and dilation in labor
Maintains pregnancy

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7
Q

Which 3 cycles are all working at the same time?

A

Hypothalamus pituitary-ovary cycle
Ovarian cycle
Endometrial (menstrual) cycle

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8
Q

What occurs in the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary cycle?

A

Hypothalamus secretes GnRH (gonad releasing hormone) –>
Anterior pituitary secretes FSH and LH –>
Ovaries secrete estrogen and progesterone

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9
Q

What does the elevation or estrogen and progesterone cause?

A

Inhibits GnRH

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10
Q

What is FSH? What does it do?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

Stimulates the follicle which house the egg to mature and grow
From primary egg –> mature egg

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11
Q

What is LH? What does it do?

A

Luteinizing hormone

After ovulation, converts the empty follicle into the corpus luteum which secrete estrogen and progesterone and supports this structure –> support for early pregnancy until the placenta forms

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12
Q

What are the 3 type of estrogens and when are they available?

A

Estradiol - only during reproductive years
Estriol - only during pregnancy
Estrone - estrogen of menopause

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13
Q

What is the progesterone?

A

The hormone of pregnancy

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14
Q

What are the two different prostaglandins and what do they do?

A

PGE: vasodilates - smooth muscle relaxant
PGF: vasoconstricts - smooth muscle contractor

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15
Q

What is the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle? When does it occur?

A

Days 1-14 but Variable in length

Growth of follicle from primary to mature
LH surge –> release of the egg
Estrogen dominance so it build and builds

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16
Q

What is the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle? When does it occur?

A

Days 15-28

Conversion of empty follicle into the corpus luteum
Progesterone dominance (working on endometrial layer and making it ready for an egg)
Relatively constant (average 14 days)

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17
Q

What are the 3 phases of the uterine/mentstural cycle? No pregnancy?

A

Ischemic/menstrual phase (bleeding)
Proliferative phase (estrogen dominance)
Secretory phase (progesterone dominance and ready for egg)
IF NO PREGNANCY –> menstrual phase again

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18
Q

What is the calculation for determining when ovulation will likely occur?

A

Number of day until period - 14

Therefore if mensuration is on day 28, expect to be ovulating on day 14

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19
Q

When does conception occur in a 28 day cycle?

A

2 weeks after then LMP (last menstrual period)

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20
Q

What does gestational age include?

A

LMP week and the following week (pre-ovulation)

Adds 2 weeks to pregnancy

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21
Q

How many days are you pregnant for both post-conceptual and gestional?

A

Pregnant for 266 post-conceptual days

Pregnant for 280 gestational days

(40 weeks, 10 lunar months, 9ish calendar months)

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22
Q

Are babies usually born on their exact due date?

A

No, usually born +/- 2 weeks

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23
Q

When is the first trimester?

A

0-12 weeks and 6 days

Organogenesis/cellular hyperplasia

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24
Q

What is the second trimester?

A

13 week -27 weeks and 6 days

Cellular hyperplasia and hypertrophy

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25
When is the third trimester?
28 weeks - delivery Cellular hypertrophy
26
Where does the mature egg and remaining sperm meet? How long can an egg survive? How long can sperm survive?
In the ampulla - outter 1/3 of fallopian tube Egg survives 12-24 hours (fertile for 6-12) Sperm survives up to 72 hours
27
What are the 3 things that occur in conception/fertilization?
Mature egg meets remaining sperm in ampulla Capacitation Acrosomal reaction
28
How long can an egg survive? How long can sperm survive?
Egg survives 12-24 hours (fertile period 6-12 hours) Sperm survive up to 72 hours (some say longer)
29
What occurs in capacitation in conception/fertilization? Why it is necessary?
Removal of sperm's plasma membrane which allows for acrosomal reaction Sperms plasma membrane needs to be removed to enter egg
30
What occurs in acrosomal reaction in conception/fertilization? Zona reaction is?
Allows production of enzymes to weaken the carona radiata (outer layer or ovum) to allow sperm in Zona reaction - closes the door and blocks penetration of other sperm
31
What are the two processes for cellular growth?
Cellular multiplication Cellular differentiation
32
What are the 5 things that occur in cellular multiplicaiton?
Zygote Blastomere Morula Blastocyst Trophoblast
33
What is the zygote? When does this occur?
46 chromosomes Day 1 and 2
34
What is the Morula? Does it change in size? When does this occur? Where is it?
16 cell ball Inner and outer cell mass of the zygote No change in size - about size of the head of a pin Day 3 Egg has been fertilized but has yet to implant in the uterus
35
What is the inner cell mass called? How many cells? What does it become? When does this occur?
Blastocyst 100 cells Becomes embryonic disc, amnion, yolk sac Days 4-5
36
What is the outer cell mass? What does it become? When does this occur?
Trophoblast Becomes chorion and placenta Days 4-5
37
Implantation happens when? What occurs during implantation?
Day 6-10 Throphoblasts burrow into endometrium Early placenta Formation of chorionic vili
38
What does the formation of chorionic villi lead to?
Secrete hCG Maintain estrogen and progesterone --> Inhibits the ovarian and menstrual cycles
39
When does cellular differentiation occur? When is it completed by?
Days 10-14 Completed by 10 weeks gestation
40
What are the 5 things that occur in cellular differentiation?
Primary germ layers differentiate Embryonic membranes form Amniotic fluid Yolk sac for primitive RBCs Umbilical cord
41
What are the 5 things that occur in cellular multiplicaiton?
Zygote Blastomere Morula Blastocyst Trophoblast
42
What are the primary germ layers? What is the function of them? When do they differentiate?
Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm Determine all of our organ system Differentiate at 10-14 days
43
What embryonic membranes are formed during cellular differentiation?
Chorion and amnion
44
Where do chorionic villi extend? What is the purpose of this?
Extend into maternal blood filled endometrium Space between villi and maternal BF called Intervillous space is site for gas exchange, nutrient, and waste exchange **no connection of fetal and maternal blood
45
What is the amnion? What does the amnion adhere to?
Inner cell mass (blastocysts) Adheres to chorion
46
What is the ectoderm responsible for?
Epidermis Hair Teeth Nose CNS
47
What is the mesoderm responsible for?
Dermis Muscles Bones Kidneys CVS Lymphatic tissue Spleen
48
What is the endoderm responsible for?
Respiratory and digestive tract linings Bladder Liver Pancreas
49
During morphologic development after conception what occur in week 1? Week 2? Week 3-10?
Week 1: fertilization - blastocyst Week 2: Implantation Week 3-10: endo, meso, ecto all differentiate to form all organ systems
50
During morphologic development after conception what is the risk?
These structure are most vulnerable to damage at this time
51
What are teratogens? What are 4 different categroies?
Cause of abnormal development in embryo Chromosomal Drug related Radiation or other environmental Infectious agents (TORCH)
52
What are drugs that are teratogenic?
Prescription (Category X or D) OTC, Herbal, Caffeine Recreational drugs Alcohol
53
What are the categories of drugs and their risk for pregnant women?
Category A: OK Category B: No risk to animals Category C: Questionable risk Category D: Evidence of risk Category X: Definite risk
54
When does the heart beat occur?
28 days after conception
55
When does male differentiation begin? Why?
4-6 weeks D/t sex region determining gene on "short" arm of Y chromosome
56
When are all organ structures formed by?
8-10 weeks
57
When does fetal breathing begin?
by 16 weeks
58
What is the youngest preterm survivior?
23 weeks
59
What makes up the umbilical cord?
Connecting stalk 2 arteries One vein
60
What is the role of the arteries in the umbilical cord? What is the role of the vein in the umbilical cord?
Arteries: away from fetus and thin thick wall Vein: to fetus and large think wall
61
What is the function of amniotic fluid? (7)
Cushions the fetus from injury and umbilical cord Enable fetus to grow Provides fetus with stable thermal environment Enable fetus to practice swallowing and breathing Prevents adherence to membranes GI development Allows for MSK development
62
What is amniotic fluid made of before 20 weeks? After 20 weeks?
Before 20: diffusion from maternal blood After 20: largely fetal urine
63
How much urine does a fetus swallow and urinate by term?
1000 ml
64
What does amniotic fluid contain (10)
Urea Uric acid Bilirubin Fructose Fat Leukocytes Proteins Epithelial cells Enzymes Lanugo
65
What is the placenta? What is it composed of?
New, temporary organ Composed of cells from 2 individuals: Maternal (decidua) and Fetal (chorion)
66
What does the uterine lining develop? What is it receptive to?
Decidua basalis (outer most layer of endometrium and will eventually become moms side of the placenta) Receptive to chorionic villi (implants into decidua basalis )
67
What 2 things does trophoblasts differentiate into?
Cytotrophoblast (inner layer) ​ Syncytiotrophoblast (outer layer)
68
What are the functions of the placenta?
Endocrine: hormone production Metabolic - facilitates hydrostatic and osmotic pressure gradients for active and facilitated transport of nutrients and waste
69
What hormones does the placenta produce?
Human placental lactogen (hPL) ​ Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) ​ Progesterone​ Estrogen
70
What are the 2 goals of fetal circulation?
Maintain blood flow to the placenta Shunt blood away from lungs and liver
71
How is fetal circulation accomplished?
1. Ductus venosus: bypasses liver by going from umbilical cord to IVC 2. Foramen ovale: bypasses right ventricle using a hole between right and left atria 3. Ductus arteriosus: bypasses pulmonary artery/lungs using a hole between pulmonary artery and descending aorta
72
Monozygotic are what type of twin? What do they form from? Amnions/chorions?
Identical twins One egg and one sperm Two amnions and one chorion
73
Dizygotic are what type of twin? What do they form from? Amnions/chorions?
Fraternal Two eggs and two sperm Two amnions and two chorion
74
What is genetic material carried on?
DNA stands called chromosomes
75
How many chromosomes does each pair have? How many pairs do you have?
23 chromosomes for each pair 2 pairs total of 46 chromosomes
76
How many pairs of non-sex? How many pairs are sex?
22 pairs of autosomes (non-sex) 1 pair of sex chromosomes (XX or XY)
77
What chromosomes are received from mom? dad?
Mom (XX) - always gives an X Dad (XY) - can give X or Y so determines sex of offspring
78
What does a 3rd chromosome on 21 cause?
Trisomy 21 or downs syndrome
79
What is a genotype?
What you are made of Chromosomes Bb Karyotype is picture analysis of this
80
What is a phenotype?
What you look like Observable expression of genes in an individual Brown hair, blue eyes
81
What is penetrance?
Strength of the gene (statistical variability) EX: 95% penetrance means 95% will get it
82
What is expression?
Individual variability How penetrant this particular gene actually was Ex: either expressed or isnt expressed
83
What is the chance of an infant defect, chromosomal abnormality, genetic disease or developmental disability in every pregnancy?
3-5%
84
What does euploidy mean?
Correct number of chromosomes
85
What does aneuploidy mean? Examples? Risk to pregnancy?
incorrect number of chromosomes Monosomies (45 chromosomes): 45X, turner syndrome in females Trisomies (47 chromosomes): trisomy 21 - downs Leading cause of pregnancy loss
86
What is autosomal dominant disroder? Does it affect makes and females?
50% chance in offspring One affected parent (Bb) and unaffected parent (bb) Equally affects males and females EX: huntington disease and marfan syndrome
87
What is an autosomal recessive disorder?
Characterized by both parents being carriers 25% will be affects, 25% will be unaffected, 50% will be a carrier
88
What autosomal recessive disorders are commonly assessed for in pregnancy?
Cystic fibrosis Sickle cell anemia Tay Sachs Most metabolic disorders (PKU, etc.)
89
Who does X-linked recessive disorder affect? Does males get it from dad?
Effect are passed to males Males cannot pass to sons because it is x-linked
90
What are the chances that mom will pass x-linked recessive gene to son? To daughter?
50% chance mother will pass gene to her sons 50% chance her daughters will be carriers
91
If a man is affected by a X-linked recessive disorder what is the chance that daughter will be a carreir?
100%
92
What are 4 chromosomal problems?
Neural tube defects Cleft lip or palate Congenital hip dysplasia Pyloric stenosis

OB (16 decks)

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