Module I: Introduction: Basic Concepts Flashcards
The systematic study of the state and government.
Political Science
Scope of Political Science 1: The entire body of doctrines relating to the origin, form, behavior, and purposes of the state are dealt with in the study of this subject.
Political Theory
Scope of Political Science 2: The (a) organization of governments, (b) limitations upon government authority, (c) the powers and duties of governmental offices and officers, and (d) the obligations of one state to another are handled in the study of _________.
Public Law
Scope of Political Science 3: Attention is focused upon the methods and techniques used in the actual management of state affairs by executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government.
Public Administration
A community of persons more or less numerous, permanently occupying a definite proportion of territory, having a government of their own to which the great body of inhabitants render obedience, and enjoying from external control.
State
Elements of a State 1: This refers to the inhabitants living within the state. Without ______ there can be no functionaries to govern and no subjects to be governed.
Elements of a State 1: People
Elements of a State 2: It includes not only the fixed portion of land over which the jurisdiction of the state extends (territorial domain), but also the rivers and lakes therein, a certain area of the sea which abuts its coasts (fluvial and maritime domain) and the air space above the land and the waters. (aerial domain). Thus, the domain of the state may be described as terrestrial, fluvial, maritime, and aerial.
Elements of a State 2: Territory
Elements of a State 3: It refers to the agency through which the will of the state is formulated, expressed and carried out. The word is sometimes used to refer to the person or aggregate of those persons in whose hands are placed for the time being the function of political control.
Elements of a State 3: Government
Elements of a State 4: The term may be defined as the supreme power of the state to command and enforce obedience to its will from people within its jurisdiction and corollarily, to have freedom from foreign control.
Elements of a State 4: Sovereignty
2 Types of Sovereignty: Type A: The power of the state to rule within its territory.
Internal Sovereignty
2 Types of Sovereignty: Type B: The freedom of the state to carry out its activities without subjection to or control by other states.
External Sovereignty
Origin of States: Theory 1: It holds that the state is of divine creation and the ruler is ordained by God to govern the people. Reference has been made by advocates of this theory to the laws which Moses received at Mount Sinai.
Divine Right Theory
Origin of States: Theory 2: It maintains that states must have been created through force, by some great warriors who imposed their will upon the weak.
Necessity or Force Theory
Origin of States: Theory 3: It attributes the origin of states to the enlargement of the family which remained under the authority of the father or mother. By natural stages, the family grew into a clan, then developed into a tribe which broadened into a nation, and the nation became a state.
Paternalistic Theory
Origin of States: Theory 4: It asserts that the early states must have been formed by deliberate and voluntary compact among people to form a society and organized government for their common good.
Social Contract Theory
State distinguished from Nation.
1.) The state is a political concept, while nation is an ethnic concept; 2.) A state is not subject to external control while a nation may or may not be independent of external control; 3) A single state may consist of one or more nations or people and conversely, a single nation may be made up of several states.
Purpose and Necessity of Government: Government exists and should continue to exist for the benefit of the people governed. It is necessary for (a) the protection of society and its members, the security of persons and property, the administration of justice, the preservation of the state with foreign powers (constituent functions) and (b) the advancement of the physical, economic, social and cultural well-being of the people. (ministrant functions)
(1) Advancement of the Public Welfare
Purpose and Necessity of Government: Government exists to do these things which by their very nature, it is better equipped to administer for the public welfare than any private individual or group of individuals. It is obvious that without an organized structure of government, anarchy and disorder, and a general feeling of fear and insecurity will prevail in society, progress and development will not be possible, and values taken for granted in a free modern society such as truth, freedom, justice, equality, rule of law, and human dignity can never be enjoyed.
(2) Consequence of Absence
Forms of Government: One in which the supreme and final authority is in the hands of a single person without regard to the source of his election or the nature or duration of his tenure.
Monarchy
Monarchy in which the ruler rules by divine right.
Absolute Monarchy
Monarchy in which the ruler rules in accordance with a constitution.
Limited Monarchy
Forms of Government: One in which political power is exercised by a few privileged class which is known as ___________.
Aristoracy or Oligarchy
Forms of Government: One in which political power is exercised by a majority of the people.
Democracy
A democracy in which the will of the state is formulated or expressed directly and immediately through the people in a mass meeting or primary assembly rather than through the medium of delegates or representatives chosen to act for them.
Direct or Pure Democracy
A democracy in which the will of the state is formulated and expressed through the agency of a relatively small and select body of persons chosen by the people to act as their representatives.
Indirect, Representative, or Republican Democracy
The power exercised by the government in which the control of national and local affairs is exercised by the central or national government.
Unitary Government
The powers exercised by the government are divided between two sets of organs, one for national affairs and the other for local affairs, each organ being supreme within its own sphere.
Federal Government
A relationship of the executive and the legislative in which the state confers upon the legislature the power to terminate the tenure of the office of the real executive.
Parliamentary Government
A relationship of the executive and the legislative in which the state makes the executive constitutionally independent of the legislature as regards his tenure and to a large extent as regards to his policies and acts, and furnishes him with sufficient powers to prevent the legislature from trenching upon the sphere marked out by the constitution as executive independence and prerogative.
Presidential Government
Classification of the Philippine Government
The Philippine government is a 1) Representative Democracy; 2) Unitary and Presidential Government with separation of powers. It also has Pure Democracy because of Constitutional Provision on Initiative and Referendum. Under our Constitution, 1) Executive Power is vested in the President and Cabinet; 2) Legislative Power is vested in the Congress: Composed of a Senate and House of Representatives; 3) Judicial Power is vested in the Supreme Court and the lower courts.
