Module G2

Question 1

Physical characteristics colour

Answer 1

Affected by many components such as concentration, diet, dyes, drugs or disease

Pale yellow, yellow, dark yellow, green, red, brown

Question 2

Colourless to pale yellow

Answer 2

Normal

Question 3

Dark yellow

Answer 3

Normal
Concentrated
Oliguria

Question 4

Red

Answer 4

Blood present

Hemolysed

Question 5

Brown to black

Answer 5

Oxidation
Muscular disease
Normal in horses

Question 6

Brown to green

Answer 6

Infections 
Liver disease (bilirubin, color may be orange)

Question 7

Physical characteristics: transparency

Answer 7

Clear, no visible particulate matter

Cloudy (turbid) and graded as light, moderate, heavy

Question 8

+

Answer 8

Visible precipitates are seen, but can see the newsprint

Question 9

++

Answer 9

Visible precipitates are seen, but the newsprint is obscured

Question 10

+++

Answer 10

Cannot read the newsprint, sample is flocculent

Question 11

Cloudy urine may be due to

Answer 11

WBCs 
Epithelial cells
Bacteria
Fungi
Crystals
Mucous

Identified microscopically

Question 12

Physical characteristics: odour

Answer 12

Noted only if it is abnormal or unusual

Normal urine has an aromatic odor due to volatile organic acids present

Male urine of porcine, feline, caprine species has a strong odour

Fruity odor: ketone bodies (acetone)

Foul or putrid: urinary infection

Question 13

Specific gravity

Answer 13

Measure of the concentration of the urine and thus renal concentrating ability

Question 14

Normal range for SG in animals

Answer 14

1.015-1.045

Question 15

Increase urine =

Answer 15

Decrease SG

Question 16

Decrease urine=

Answer 16

Increase SG

Question 17

Refractometer

Answer 17

Measures the refractive index of a solution and is an indirect measure of the specific gravity

Question 18

Instrument most commonly used for this purpose

Answer 18

Total solids meter

TS

Allows measurement of total serum protein or the specific gravity of urine

Question 19

SG principle using a dipstick method

Answer 19

Based on the pKa (dissociation constant) change of certain pre treated polyelectrolytes in relation to ionic concentration

Question 20

Increased SG (hypersthenuria)

Answer 20

Dehydration
Circulatory failure with decreased GFR
Acute interstitial nephritis 
Diabetes mellitus
Cystitis

Question 21

Decreased SG (hyposthernuria)

Answer 21

Chronic interstitial nephritis
Diabetes insipidus
Excessive fluid intake
Renal failure

Question 22

Isothenuria

Answer 22

Occurs when the urine SG approaches that of the glomerular filtrate SG

Indicates that the kidneys have not been able to concentrate or dilute the urine