Module: Biomechanics Flashcards
Kinesiology
The study of the human movement
Biomechanics
The study of how forces affect a living body
Ground reaction force
An equal and opposite external force that is exerted back onto the body by the ground
Qualitative analysis
Applying principles of proper technique and combining them with observations in order to make an educated evaluation
Quantitative analysis
Taking physical measurements and making mathematical computations to reach a conclusion
Anatomic position
Standard posture wherein the body stands upright with the arms beside the trunk, the palms face forward, and the head faces forward.
Midline
That which is contained within an imaginary line that splits the body into equal halves
Sagittal plane
An imaginary plane that bisects the body into equal halves, producing left and right halves
Frontal plane
An imaginary plane that bisects the body into equal halves, producing a front half and back half
Transverse plane
An imaginary plane that bisects the body into equal halves, producing a top half and bottom half
Anterior-posterior axis
A straight line that cuts through the body from front to back
Longitudinal axis
An imaginary long, straight line that cuts through the body from top to bottom
Range of motion
The amount of movement produced by one or multiple joints
Flexion
A bending at a joint where the relative angle between two adjoining segments decreases
Extension
A bending at a joint where the relative angle between two adjoining segments increases
Abduction
A body segment is moving away from the midline of the body
Adduction
A body segment is moving toward the midline of the body
Internal rotation
Rotation of a limb or body segment toward the midline of the body
External rotation
Rotation of a limb or body segment away from the midline of the body
Pronation
A triplanar movement that is associated with force reduction
Supination
A triplanar motion that is associated with force production
Flexors
A muscle that produces flexion of a limb or joint
Extensors
A muscle that produces extension of a limb or joint
Abductors
A muscle that produces abduction of a limb or joint
Adductors
A muscle that produces adduction of a limb or joint
Pronators
A muscle that produces pronation of a limb or body segment
Supinators
A muscle that produces supination of a limb or body segment
Prone
Body position where one is lying with the face downward
Supine
Body position where one is lying on the back and face is upward
Triple flexion
A multi joint exercise that involves flexion at the hip, knee, and ankle
Triple extension
A multi joint exercise that involves extension at the hip, knee, and ankle
Static posture
A starting point from which an individual moves
Multiplanar
Occurring in more than one plane of motion
Concentric activation
The production of an active force when a muscle develops tension while shortening in length
Active force
Muscle tension that is generated by its contractile elements
Isometric activation
The production of an active force when a muscle
Eccentric activation
The production of an active force when a muscle develops tension while lengthening
Isolated function
A muscles primary function. A muscle action produced at a joint when a muscle is being concentrically activated to produce acceleration of a body segment
Eccentric function
Action of a muscle when it is generating an eccentric contraction
Integrated function
The coordination of muscles to produce, reduce, and stabilize forces in multiple planes for efficient and safe movement
Kinetics
Biomechanics term that involves the study of forces
Force
A push or pull that can create, stop, or change movement. Force=Mass x Acceleration
Mass
The amount of matter in an object or physical body
Matter
A substance that has mass and takes up space
Acceleration
The speed of an object
Weight
The amount of force that gravity has on the body
Gravity
A force that accelerates an object or mass downward toward the earth’s center
Lever
A relatively rigid rod or bar that rotates around a fulcrum
Torque
The rotary or rotational effect that a force has around an axis
Tempo
The amount of time that muscle is actively producing tension during exercise movements
Repetition tempo
The speed at which each repetition is performed
Line of pull
The direction in which a muscle is pulled
Parallel muscle
Muscle with fibers that are oriented parallel to that muscle’s longitudinal axis
Pennate muscle
Muscle with fibers that are oriented at an angle to the muscle’s longitudinal axis
Origin
The relatively stationary attachment site where skeletal muscle attaches begin
Insertion
The relatively mobile attachment site
Tendons
Connective tissues that attach muscle to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force
Aponeurosis
A white tendinous sheet that attaches muscle to bone
Muscle belly
The mid-region in between the origin and insertion
Malalignment
The incorrect or improper alignment of the joints in a body without movements
Overactive
Referring to a state of having disrupted neuromuscular recruited patterns that lead a muscle to be more active during a joint action
Underactive
Referring to the state of having disrupted neuromuscular recruitment patterns that lead a muscle to be relatively less active during a joint action
Extrinsic
Located from outside yet act on a structure being considered
Intrinsic
Located from within and acting directly on a structure being considered
Intrinsic core stabilizers
Deep inner muscles behind the superficial abdominals that have a direct effect on stabilizing he lumbo-pelvic-hip complex
Retraction
Adduction of the shoulder blades where the shoulder blades move toward the spine
Shoulder impingement
When the space between the bone on top of the shoulder (acromion) and the tendons of the rotator cuff rub against each other during arm elevation
Pronation of the foot
A combination of dorsiflexion, eversion, and abduction
Supination of the foot
A combination of plantar flexion, inversion, and adduction
Flexibility
The normal extensibility of soft tissue, which allows a joint to be moved through its full range of motion
Corrective exercise
The programming process that identifies neuromuscular dysfunction, develops a plan of action, and implements a corrective strategy as a part of an exercise training program
Neuromuscular efficiency
When the neuromuscular system allows agonists, antagonists, and stabilizers to synergistically produce muscle actions in all three planes of motion
Relative flexibility
The human movement system’s way of finding the path of least resistance during movement
