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EOSC 314 > Module A > Flashcards

Module A Flashcards

1
Q

oceanography

A

descriptive science of ocean
INTERDISCIPLINARY
dvided into geological, chemical, physical, bio

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2
Q

geological oceanogrpahy

A

structure of flow and change in time, feature creations and sed depo

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3
Q

chemical oceanography

A

chem composition and props of seawater, extraction of chems

pollutants

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4
Q

physical oceanography

A

waves, tides, currents, ocean atm relationship

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5
Q

biological oceanography

A

various ocean life forms and relationships to one another

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6
Q

how ocean shape world

A

largest sinlge feature on earth
determine where contintents are (shaping political boundaries and history)
- influence climate and weather everywhere

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7
Q

four oceans

A

pacific (largest, more than half earths surface)
atlantic (half ^)
indian (smaller)
Arctic (7% of pacific): permimant layer of sea ice
southern/antarctic (extra)

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8
Q

sea vs ocean

A

smaller and shallower

somewhat enclosed by land

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9
Q

what was ocean used for in history

A

food and transport

mining, exploration, resource extractiom

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10
Q

avg ocean depth

marianas trench

A

4km

11km

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11
Q

nebula

A

dust cload

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12
Q

nebular hypothosis

A

enourmous cloud full of H and He and dust in center

sun makes magnetic field and turbulance with gravity concetrates particles

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13
Q

proto planets

A

left behind particles in whirlpools after BB

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14
Q

proto earth

A

larger than today
no oceans
no life
homogenous

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15
Q

how get from proto earth to now?

A

heavy constituents move toewards center
metorieds hit earth (got the moon from one)
sun releasing E through fusion reactions
H and He combine to release E from hot heat of sun
emits light, ionized particles make solar winds

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16
Q

chemical layers of earth

A

crust, mantle, core

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17
Q

physical layer of earth

A

B core, outercore, mesosphere, lithosphere

bristle lith, plastic athen

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18
Q

how ocean created

A

outgassing through density strat

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19
Q

how much oxygen in atm

A

21% of atm

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20
Q

is there O in atm

A

yes, protects us from UV rays in ozone

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21
Q

prebiotic soup

A

stanely millers experiement to make basic compounds of life in jar
put ocean and atm in

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22
Q

who first made continental

A

alfred wegener

saw jigsaw shape of continents, pangea and panthalassa (ocean)

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23
Q

Bullard

A

1960: used depths to link continents and represnet true edge

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24
Q

other than shape, what else look for in continetnal pangea theory

A 
rocks and mnts
- similar age, structure, types : YEP
glacial activity: in tropical area suggest this
fossils: 
- everywhere show palm trees (MOVED)
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25
objections to drift idea
1915: translated in 24 languages critics thought material strength too strong for continents to plow through after wgeners death, theory proven (correted a bit)
26
mid ocean ridge
sea floor spreading hot motlon rock to surface, destroys floor and subduction eventually magnetic evidence: new basalt addedt o ridges show stripe pattern same as other side
27
earthquakes
sudden release of E due to fault movement or volcanic eruptions
28
where earthquakes happen
- major faults in sea and land, E moveing plates and contact along edges (divergent, convergent, transform) - along trenches from E at subduction
29
divergent
plates mov apart, new ocean floor from lithosphere | rift valley, rifting
30
convergent
plates move together, (denser one subducts) volcanic arc, ocean-cont: ocean subducts making continental arc, ocean-ocean (neither subducts): builds up and folds = mnt range
31
transform
across, grinding past each other ocean-continental always btw two segments of mid ocean ridge
32
hot spots
intense volcanic that is same in area, not related to boundries
33
mantle plumes
hawaiian islands plate tectonics show hotspot volcanism b/c of theses ADD
34
seamouts
large volcanoes in ocean floor
35
tablemounts
``` flat top (not like on land) - from volcanic activity ```
36
development of coral reefs
fringing barrier atoll WHAT
37
bathymetry
measure of ocean depths and charting the shape of the floor
38
how bathymetry done
first: sounding (let heavy weight off boat) then echo: sends signal and bouces off but only one point then precision depth recorder: high freq mean to measure acoustic (modern): sonare and seabeam
39
hypsographic curve
relationship btw height of land and depth
40
three provinces
continental margins deep ocean basins mid ocean ridge
41
passive margins
embedded in lithosphere plates, lack tectonic activity
42
active margins
lithospheric plate boundaries with high tectonic activity
43
continental shelf
flat zone drom shore beneath ocean to pt where shelf breaks (avg=70km)
44
continental slope
beyond break (basin)
45
continental rise
transition btw slope and basins
46
continental margins
shelf, slope and rise, BREAK?
47
basins
``` past the continental margins flat depositional surfaces - abyssal plains - ocean trenches - volcanic archers ```
48
abyssal plains
``` paricles drifitng onto deep ocean floor from suspension settling volcanic peaks (less than 1000m are abyssal hills or seaknolls ```
49
ocean trenches and volcanic arcs
ring of fire | marianas trench
50
mid ocean ridge
global, continuous, fractered mnt ridge through all basins
51
mid atlantic ridge
in north atlantic ocean | divergent plate boundary, entirely volcanic and basaltic lavas
52
crest
has rift valley | sea floor spreading
53
volcanics
``` pillow lavas pillow basalts (smooth round lobes) ```
54
hydrothermal vents
sea hot springs | cold water seeps along cracks in crust and approaches magma chamber, gets heated back up
55
warm water vents
below 30 C and emit clear water
56
white smokers
30-350C and emit white b/c light-coloured compounds (barium suphide)
57
black smokers
above 350C and emit black water b/c dark coloured metal sulfides (Fe, Ni, Copper, Zn)
58
diff btw black and white smokers
fracture is siesmically active that offsets axis | transform is btw offsets segmnts and fracture is beyond offsets
59
oceanic islands
tall raching from floor to above sea level | associated with volcanic along ridge, with hotspots, island arcs in convergent plates
60
when earth begin
unconventional 4.54 billion years ago earth evolved from molten harsh environ to this physical and geometrical events led to oceans
61
BB theory
all matter began 15 billion years ago from explosion of single concentrated point (singularity) continour expansion space expanded at same time
62
when BB first acceptance
1929, first obserational evidence | all galaxies moving away and speed is proportional to distance (hubbles)
63
what BB lack to explain
how initial conds set but does show how unverse evolved since
64
world after BB
universe small and hot, been expanding andn cooling every since cool, created hot H gas atoms
65
rough BB timeline
- 1 min: particles formed - more expansion, cooling, neautrons and protons fomr - 3mins: protons, nuetrons and electrons combine to form H and He - 30000 yrs: gravity clumps matter - matter agglomerates into large clumps (Stars) - 10 bill : solar system spinning (nebula) - shock eaves collapse proto solar dust cloud - dust cloud shrinks, compress, flatten, rotate speed increase (sun) - fusion at sun core give E rad - proto-planers produces n outer regions (low T) - few milion years: solar system
66
What does nebular Hypothesis explain
formation and evolution of solar system - why orbits are in plane with sun at center - why revolve in same direction - why axes perp to orbital plane - why clear distntion btw innermost adn outtermost planets
67
innermost planets in neb hyp
merc, ven, earth, mars terrestrial and rocky formed at high T to refractory material stayed only smaller, richer in heavier elemetns (metal) an silicate rocks
68
outtermost planets in neb hyp
jup, sat, uran, nept giants more massive and enriched with lighter elements and gases formed at cool T and retained gaes (ices now)
69
why inner and outer planets diff
proximity to the sun effects presenece of volatiles dring formation of sun, volatile gases vapourise (small planets not enough grav to keep them there)
70
proto planet
begging, evolved from dust and grains leftover from sun formation cold at beggining always hit with particles (stuck as grav increased) = T to rise as KE transformed to heat E
71
after a few million years, earth hit melting point of what element?
Fe so denser one ssank (Fe and Ni) and less dense (silicate) float = earths crust when solidify
72
how was ocean formed
outgassing of volatiles high volcanism released large water vapour and other gases from interior to surface earth T cool below boiling point, so vapour to rain
73
other ways ocean formed
comets of ice collide
74
how can water be in al 3 states on earth?
exaclty right distance from the sun
75
what is atm composed of
``` 77% N2 21% O2 1% water vapour 0.037% CO2 avg T: 14C ```
76
Mars and Venus T
-50C and this CO2 atm | +480C and dense COs atm
77
inner earth
migrated in due to gravity (more dense is core) less dense is sruface in btw ^ is mantle (Fe, Mg, Si) least dense is atm and oceans
78
T and P from surface of earth to center
``` T increase (more radiactive decay) P increase (more weight above) intrinsic props importnat: melting point of matter give T and P solid or liquid forms ```
79
Surface of earth
P is low = water is liq | can be ice if T low enough
80
mantle
rock is solid this + crust is lithosphere bottom of lith is boundary btw solid and plasticity
81
athenosphere
100-700km deep high T more imp than high P rocks become more fluid
82
boundary btw athen and meso
700km deep P dominates T effects material becomes solid rock physical boundary here
83
outer and inner core
T more imp here outer: Fe and Ni in liq inner: P is highest so Fe and Ni solid
84
how did we find out about inner earth
siesmic wave study
85
lithosphere
floats on upper matle (athen) = partly melted crust thickness varies boundary btw crust and upper mantle is chem not phys (both rock) cont rocks: grantie ocan floor: basalt
86
isostatice equilibrium
thicker it is higher it rises and deeper it sinks displaces weight of fluid equal to weight of entire solid athen with lith? CHECK

EOSC 314 (3 decks)

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