MODULE 9: Mathematics in the Social Sciences Flashcards

1
Q

Voting Theory

A

process of producing a single choice from varied and conflicting choices that reflects the desire of each individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Order Theory

A

area of mathematics that studies ways in which objects can be ordered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Voting System

A

a way of a group to select one winner from among several candidates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Ranked Voting System

A

when the voting system asks for ranking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Transitivity

A

when x is preferred than y, and y is preferred than z, then x is preferred than z

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Voting Method

A

a process wherein mathematics is used to count and consolidate votes to produce one winner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The Four Voting Methods

A

Plurality
Borda Count
Pairwise Comparison
Plurality with Elimination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The Four Voting Methods and their Problems

A

Plurality –> Condorcet Criterion
Borda Count –> Majority Criterion
Pairwise Comparison –> Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives
Plurality with Elimination –> Monotonicity Criterion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Fairness Principles

A

Condorcet Criterion –> 1 to 1 comparison
Majority Criterion –> 50% + 1
Monotonicity Criterion –> If votes are changed to the previous winner, then the previous winner should still be the winner
Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives Criterion –> If a candidate is removed, the winner should still be the winner
Unanimity –> the winner is the candidate everyone prefers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Arrow’s Impossibility Theorem

A

Theorem by Kenneth Arrow states that is impossible to have a voting system that would satisfy all fairness principles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Approval Voting

A

An unranked voting system wherein voters can approve any number of candidates.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Weighted Voting Systems

A

voting systems wherein voting rights are not equally divided such as shareholder voting, bloc voting, and committee voting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Motion

A

any vote only involving two alternatives and no abstentions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Three Factors of Motion

A

Quota –> min. no. of votes needed to win
Players –> voters
Weight –> number of votes for a player

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Invalid Voting System

A

total number of votes is less than the quota

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Illegal Voting System

A

the quota is less than half the total number of votes

17
Q

One person-one vote

A

equal number of votes/weight

18
Q

Dictator

A

A player whose weight is bigger than the quota

19
Q

Dummy

A

A non-critical player

20
Q

Veto Power

A

the power of a player who can single-handedly prevent any player to pass a motion (very close to the quota)

21
Q

Unanimous Vote

A

All players are needed to reach the quota

22
Q

Banzhaf Index

A

A mathematical measurement of power by John Banzhaf wherein the player who can influence the outcome of the election has the most power

23
Q

Coalition

A

players who join forces

24
Q

Weight of the Coalition

A

total number of votes of all the players in the coalition

25
Q

Winning Coalitions

A

Coalitions with enough votes to win

26
Q

Losing Coalitions

A

Coalitions that do not have enough votes to win

27
Q

Grand Coalition

A

All players joining forces

28
Q

Critical Player/Pivotal Player

A

The player whose desertion can turn a winning coalition into a losing one

29
Q

Banzhaf Power Distribution

A

the power each player holds

30
Q

Steps in Computing the Banzhaf Power Index

A
  1. list all coalitions (2^N -1)
  2. winning coalitions
  3. critical players
  4. count the number of times each player is critical
  5. total number of times every critical player is critical
    step 4/step 5
31
Q

Unanimous Vote Mathematical Results

A

1/N

32
Q

Proportional Systems Mathematical Results

A

same Banzhaf Power Distribution

33
Q

Three-Player Voting System with no veto power

A

1/3, 1/3, 1/3

34
Q

Tolle’s Theorem

A

Possible Power Distribution of any Four-Player Voting System:
1. (1/4, 1/4, 1/4, 1/4) –> unanimous
2. (5/12, 1/4, 1/4, 1/12)
3. (1/2, 1/6, 1/6, 1/6)
4. (1/3, 1/3, 1/6, 1/6)
5. (1/3, 1/3, 1/3, 0) –> dummy