Module 9: Chapters 13-15 - Germany, Austria, East/Cent Europe Flashcards
1
Q
True or false: Germany is home to largely temperate vineyards.
A
False. Germany is home to some of the world’s coldest climate vineyards.
2
Q
Where are some of the coldest growing sites in Germany?
A
Well above the 50th parallel, and far from a moderating large body of water.
3
Q
What is Germany’s wine reputation built around?
A
Its world-class Rieslings.
4
Q
What do German Rieslings have a reputation for?
A
Quality, complexity, and the ability to age for a long time.
5
Q
Other than Riesling, what else is grown in Germany?
A
Other still whites, sparkling, and some cold-hardy reds.
6
Q
Where does Germany rank amongst wine importers?
A
Consistently near the top, importing the wines it cannot grow, and growing what it can.
It also ranks in the top ten of wine exporters.
7
Q
Except for a few small winegrowing districts, where are the winegrowing areas of Germany?
A
In the southwest quadrant, either along a river or on the shores of Lake Constance (Bodensee in German).
8
Q
What is the lifeblood of the German wine industry?
A
The Rhine river and its tributaries.
9
Q
What is formed by the Rhine River?
A
Most of the border with France and Switzerland. Flows out from Lake Constance westward forming the border with Switzerland before turning north past Alsace and eventually into the Netherlands and the North Sea.
10
Q
What is the second most important river in Germany?
A
The Mosel. It flows out of the Vosges Mountains in France (where it is the Moselle), past Luxembourg, and northeast through prime German winegrowing regions, before emptying into the Rhine.
11
Q
What are other significant tributaries of the Rhine?
A
The Ahr, Nahe, Main, and Neckar rivers.
12
Q
Describe germany’s climate.
A
Northern continental. Mild summers, cold winters, and moderate precipitation year round.
13
Q
What effect does this cool climate have on vineyard location and ripening?
A
The cool climate is why the vineyards are located along the moderating influences of rivers, otherwise the grapes have difficulty ripening before winter sets in.
Rivers reflects sunlight back onto the vineyards, helping to warm the vineyards
14
Q
Southern facing hillsides have a distinct advantage in the northern hemisphere. What is advantageous about a northern facing slope along a river?
A
The river tends to reflect the light back onto the northern side, allowing for planting on that side of the hill.
15
Q
What is unique about many of the top vineyard sites in the Mosel and Rheingau?
A
They have dark blue and red slate-based soils, which absorb solar heat during the day and radiate it back at night.
16
Q
How many states (Lander) is Germany divided into, and where are the majority of the winegrowing regions?
A
16 Lander, with the winegrowing regions located primarily in Baden-Wurttemberg, Hesse, and Rhineland-Palatinate.
17
Q
What grape varieties predominate in Germany? How many grapes are permitted?
A
White varieties, as would be expected from climate. More than 2/3 of the total permitted grapes are white.
More than 100 varieties are permitted, but in practice about 20 or so comprise the majority of the vineyard acreage.
18
Q
What is the most planted grape in Germany?
A
Riesling, taking up more than 1/5 of the vineyard acreage, and is especially dominant in the Rheingau and Mosel areas.
19
Q
What is Muller-Thurgau and how common is it?
A
It is a cross of Riesling and Madeline Royale, developed for hardiness. It does not resemble Riesling in either taste or longevity.
20
Q
What are other common white varieties in Germany?
A
Silvaner, Grauburgunder (Pinot Gris, also called Rulander), and Weissburgunder (Pinot Blanc)
German Gewurztraminer is well known, but not widely planted.
Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, and Kerner (a Riesling and Schiava Grossa cross) are also present.
21
Q
What is the leading red grape in Germany?
A
Spatburgunder (Pinot Noir), and third most planted after Riesling and Muller-Thurgau.
22
Q
What are other important red grapes in Germany?
A
Dornfelder (renowned for deeply hued color and floral aromas), and Blauer Portugieser, which is common in light reds and rose.
23
Q
German wine laws changed to follow EU guidelines. What year did the occur, and what were the broad changes?
A
2009, dividing wines into three broad categories, further defined by both geographic location and the degree of ripeness at harvest.
24
Q
What are the levels of wine classification, in ascending order?
A
Wein.
ggA - geschützte geographische Angabe (This fulfills the PGI category of the EU pyramid)
gU - geschützte Ursprungsbezeichnung (PDO)
25
Describe the Wein category.
Previously Tafelwein, or table wine, is used for basic wine. Very few quality guarantees. Mostly made for domestic market. Much of it is imported bulk wine from Italy which may be enriched or chaptalized to achieve final alcohol level.
To be Deutscher Wein, the wine must be 100% German in origin.
26
Describe the ggA category.
```
Formerly Landwein (country wine). Not considered quality wine, but are a distinct ste up from basic wine. Must be slightly riper at this level, with half a point more potential alcohol, but chaptalization is still permitted.
A minimum of 85% of the grapes must be German in origin from one of the designated Landwein regions, and that region specified on the label. May be dry (trocken) or off-dry (halbtrocken) in style.
```
27
Describe the gU Category.
Relatively new category (2009). Includes wines covered previously by QbA (Qualitätswein bestimmter Anbaugebiete) and QmP (Qualitätswein mit Prädikat) categories.
All are PDO level, and must carry a place-name on the label, with 100% of the grapes coming from that region.
28
There are two subcategories of gU wine, name them.
Qualitatswein and Pradikatswein.
29
What is Qualitatswein?
The lower of the two levels. Defined as "quality wines from a designated region," they represent the largest proportion of German wine output.
The wine must come from one of the 13 Anbaugebiete (specified winegrowing regions), be made with one of the approved grape varieties, and reach sufficient ripeness to be quality wine.
Chaptalization IS approved at this level.
30
Describe the Pradikatswein category.
Highest quality level designation. Defined as "quality wine with attributes," and must be produced from the same 13 Anbaugebiete.
Chaptalization is NOT allowed for these wines.
31
How many subcategories (Pradikate) are there in Pradikatswein, and what are the based on?
```
There are 6 Pradikate based on ripeness levels achieved in the vineyard. In ascending order of ripeness:
Kabinett
Spatlese
Auslese
Beerenauslese
Eiswein
Trockenbeerenauslese (TBA)
```
32
Describe Kabinett.
Light to medium body wines at the lowest ripeness level of the Pradikat. Average 7-10% abv
33
Describe Spatlese.
Late Harvest. Wines of additional ripeness picked after a designated picking date. The additional ripening time gives the wine more intense flavors and aromas than Kabinett.
34
Describe Auslese.
Selected Harvest. Wines that have stayed on the vine long enough to have a required level of sugar. These wines can have an intense bouquet and palate, and a potential alcohol level in excess of 14%
35
Describe Beerenauslese. (BA)
Selected berries. Rich, sweet dessert wines from individually harvested berries that are sweeter than Auslese and may also be affected by botrytis.
36
What is the German term for botrytis?
Edelfaule.
37
Describe Eiswein.
Wines made from frozen grapes harvested at a BA level or higher. They have become overripe from staying on the vine until as late as January, and are harvested after they freeze in the vineyard. They are crushed immediately, and much of the water is discarded as ice, leaving a very high RS level.
38
Describe Trockenbeerenauslese (TBA)
Selected dried berries. Wines from individually picked berries that are overripe to the point of being raisins, and often further shriveled by botrytis. TBAs are considered amongst the world's greatest dessert wines.
39
True or false: The Pradikat levels are indicative of quality.
False. While Kabinett are certainly the most basic, the differences after that are stylistic and a matter of taste rather than a scale of quality.
The three dessert wines make up a very small fraction of production.
40
What do the Pradikat levels ensure?
That the grapes used have achieved a minimum ripeness level. Riper levels are considered desirable, as underripe grapes may be highly acidic, lower in alcohol, and have less developed flavors.
41
How is ripeness measured in Germany?
Degrees Oechsle, a measure of the sugar present. The system is based on the density or must weight of the juice, so the more solids (primarily sugar) in the juice, the denser the liquid will be.
42
Does Oechsle value translate to sweetness?
Not necessarily. High sugar content can either lead to high alcohol content in a dry wine, or high sweetness in a low alcohol wine, or anywhere in between.
Roughly 2/3 of German wine production is dry.
43
Oechsle scale is based on density of grape must. Define.
Oechsle = (density - 1.0) x 1,000
Must with a density of 1.074 has a Oechsle value of 74 degrees. The values can range from the 40s (seriously underripe) to well over 150 in dried grapes.
Kabinett grapes typically range between 70 and 85 degrees.
44
There are 13 Anbaugebiete (recognized wine regions) for PDO wines. Both quality levels require a single Anbaugebiet as a place of origin.
How many divisions are the within the Anbaugebiete?
3.
- Bereiche: There are roughly 40 of these regional or district appellations, similar to AOC Cotes du Rhone of DO Catalunya, etc. Each Anbaugebiet contains at least 1 Bereich.
- Grosslagen: Approx 160 of these groupings of numerous vineyards into a convenient admin package. They are largely meaningless from a terroir standpoint, and each Bereich contains several Grosslagen.
- Einzellagen: More than 2,700 of these. Ostensibly they are single, but have been administratively cobbled together into new vineyards with a minimum of 5ha (12.4 acres). They are often divided among many owners, and each Grosslage contains numerous Einzellage.
45
German appellations are only meant to provide information that accompany the quality and Pradikat classifications. Is this more like New World or Old World?
New World. German regulations have only very loose restrictions on viticulture and winemaking, instead concentrating merely on where the grapes are grown.
46
Why is the Grosslage or Einzellage typically preceded by a village name on German wine labels?
Both Grosslagen and Einzellagen typically cross several towns, so the addition of the village is helpful.
For example, the famous Sonnenuhr vineyard crosses both Wehlener Sonnenuhr (the village of Wehlen) and Zeltinger Sonnenuhr (the adjacent village of Zeltingen)
47
Of the three subappellations of Anbaugebiete, which is likely to appear on a label?
Bereich, as in Bereich Bernkastel.
| Neither Grosslage and Einzellage are likely to appear.
48
What is Gutsabfullung?
Estate bottled.
49
What is Erzeugerabfullung?
Producer bottled.
50
What does Abfuller denote on a German wine label?
A wine produced at a commercial winery that buys grapes from other sources.
51
What is the Amtliche Prufungsnummer?
The AP shows up on all German PDO wines, and is issued after government approval, identifying the wine and showing where the wine was tested and approved.
52
What is the VDP?
The Verband Deutscher Pradikatsweinguter, an organization of Germany's leading wine estates dedicated to terroir driven viticulture.
53
The VDP announced Germany's first classification system for individual vineyards. When, and what was its basis?
2002, using the system of vineyard classification in Burgundy as its model. It was refined further in 2012.
54
There are four levels of classification in the VDP. Desrcibe.
From highest to lowest:
- VDP Grosse Lage: A "great site." A dry wine from a Grosse Lage vineyard may be designated by "GG" (Grosses Gewachs), and is labeled with the term Qualitätswein Trocken, while sweet wines will have a Prädikat level indication.
- VDP Erste Lage: "First site" Dry wines at this level are Qualitätswein Trocken, sweets have a Prädikat, and each region can define halbtrocken or feinherb wines.
- VDP Ortswein: "Classified site wine" Sourced from vineyards at the equivalent of a village level appellation.
- VDP Gutswein: Good entry level wines, equivalent to an estate wine or regional wine. The wines originate from an estate's holdings within a region and meet stringent VDP standards.
55
VDP classification in the top three tiers uses the Prädikats in what way that is different than usual, how?
They use the Prädikat terms to indicate a level of sweetness, in a way that modern usage of Prädikat terms does not.
56
How are sweetness levels indicated on German wine labels, traditonally?
```
Trocken - dry - up to 9 g/L RS
Halbtrocken - Off-dry - 9-18 g/L RS
Feinherb - see Halbtrocken
Lieblich (of halbsuss) - Half-Sweet - 18-45 g/L
Suss - Sweet - More than 45 g/L
```
57
What was introduced by the International Riesling Foundation?
The Riesling Taste Profile. This is a scale permitted on the back labels showing a wine's sweetness level. It has caught on among some German producers, and the winery places the arrow based on technical guidelines in concert with its own tasting assessment.
58
Where do the ripeness levels on the three dessert wines fall in degrees Oechsle?
BA and Eiswein - Typically between 110 and 125 degrees Oechsle.
TBA - Between 150 and 154 degrees Oechsle
59
What is the ideal temp at which to harvest Eiswein grapes?
18F. They are usually harvested before dawn or in the early morning.
While the harvest often begins in November and December, it can go into January or February. If that is the case, the finished wine will reflect the calendar year when growing began.
60
Red varieties have become more important in Germany. How much of the acreage do they now make up?
Having double in the last two decades, they now account for 36% of German wine acreage.
61
Where are most red wine vineyards found?
In the south, particularly in Wurttemberg and Baden.
62
Describe typical German red wines.
Often light in color and tannin, as the leading variety is Spätburgunder.
Germany also produces substantial rose. If made from a single variety of at least Qualitatswein quality, it may labeled Weissherbst.
63
Where do Germans rank in consumption of sparkling wine?
At the top. Much of German sparkling wine is called Sekt, typically made in tank method,though traditional is permitted. Off-dry and semi-sweet versions are permitted, widely produced, and very popular.
64
What is schaumwein?
Literally, foam wine. Fruity aerated wines produced by carbonation from Spatburgunder and a wide range of white grapes.
65
How much of German wine is made in the Mosel?
Almost 1/6
66
Describe the geography of the Mosel.
A tortuously snaking river that goes past Trier and Koblenz where it joins the Rhine. The banks are often very steep.
67
Where is Mosel?
The most northerly great wine region, making it hard to ripen even the most cold hardy grapes.
The best vineyards are those facing south on steep slopes, providing ideal sun aspect.
68
What are the important side tributaries of the Mosel river?
The Saar and Ruwer Rivers. Until 2007 the region was called Mosel-Saar-Ruwer. Many of the most famous are on what is called the Mittelmosel.
69
How much of the Mosel acreage is planted to Riesling?
60%. Muller-Thurgau takes up much of the rest, but is slowly being replaced by Riesling or reds (reds are currently less than 10% of the plantings in the Mosel).
70
What is the hallmark of Mosel Riesling?
High acidity. This is balanced by rich stone fruit flavors, honey, and an occasional moderate sweetness.
Wines of the Mosel usually contain no more than 10% alcohol.
71
How many regions within the Mosel?
```
There are 6 Bereiche within the Mosel Anbaugebiet, including;
Bernkastel
Burg Cochem
Saar
Ruwertal
```
72
How much German wine is produced in the Rheingau?
2%, but its reputation is at least equal to the Mosel.
73
Describe the Rheingau's geography.
It's vineyards have the most favorable position on the Rhine. As the river passes the ities of Mainz and Wiesbaden, for about 15 miles the entire right bank has ideal southern exposure and river reflection. Along with red slate soils, this allows ideal ripening conditions.
74
How much of the Rheingau is planted to Riesling?
More than 75%. The southern exposure produces full-bodied Rieslings, and ripen Spatburgunder which takes up more than half of the remaining vineyard space.
75
How many regions within the Rheingau?
This Anbaugebiet has one Berich, Johannisberg, and more than 120 Einzellagen.
76
Where is the Nahe?
Southwest of the Rheingau, and west of Rheinhessen.
77
What does the Nahe produce?
Rieslings that are well respected if not well-known. Riesling is only about 1/4 of its production. White wine dominates the remainder.
78
Where is the Rheinhessen?
On the south and west bank of the Rhein, across from the Rheingau and north of Pfalz.
79
Where does Rheinhessen rank in terms of wine production and area under vine?
First in both. It has a warm, dry climate, and forms a low, flat plateau.
80
What is most of Rheinhessen planted to?
Riesling and Muller-Thurgau, with Dornfelder not far behind.
81
Where is the Pfalz?
West of the Rhine, with its southern tip not far from Alsace.
82
Where does Pfalz rank in terms of acreage?
First, producing nearly one quarter of Germany's Riesling, and known for its simple, inexpensive wines.
83
What is another name for the Pfalz?
The English name is the Palatinate.
84
Where is Franken?
A large part of the Main River valley. Fairly sparsely planted.
85
What is grown in Franken?
The region is fairly cold, and its season is short, to Silvaner and Muller-Thurgau, which ripen early, are the most common.
86
What are Franconian wines known for?
Being everyday drinkers in a squat green or brown flask-shaped bottle.
87
What is Hessische Bergstrasse?
Literally translated, it is Hessian Mountain road. It's a spur off the northern part of Baden. It has 1000 acres, almost half is Riesling, and is known for its whites.
88
What is grown in Wurttemberg?
70% is plante to red wine varieties like Trollinger, Schwarzriesling (Meunier), and Lemberger.
89
Where are the vines in Wurttemberg planted?
On the slopes of the Neckar River valley, with some as far south as the shores of lake Constance.
90
What is climatically higher in Wurttemberg than other German regions?
humidity and rainfall.
91
Where is Baden?
It stretches 150 miles along the east bank of the Rhine between Mannheim and Switzerland
92
Where does Baden rank in German wine acreage?
Third, after Rheinhessen and Pfalz.
93
How is Baden divided?
Two large unconnected segments along the Rhine, with three small subareas along western Lake Constance.
94
What is grown in Baden?
Spatburgunder is by far the most widely planted grape, followed by Muller Thurgau and Grauburgunder.
95
Where is Ahr?
It is one of the most northern, and smallest, of Germany's wine region.
96
What is grown in Ahr?
Predominantly red wine (more than 85% of total production), mostly Spätburgunder, with Portugieser and Dornfelder.
97
Describe Mittelrhein.
A small region north of the Rheingau. Dotted with castles and planted to Riesling on steep banks.
98
What are two northernmost and easternmost Anbaugebiete?
Sachsen and Saale-Unstrut. Parts of former East Germany, they 2600 acres and produce little wine, but Riesling, Muller Thurgau, and Weissburgunder are most planted.
99
What resulted in Eastern European wine dropping in quality after WW2?
Soviet domination of the area, and their concentration on high output rather than quality.
100
What caused a downturn in Austrian wine presence on the world wine market?
A serious quality problem in the 1980s.
101
Why are Swiss wines not typically exported?
Partly because they are consumed domestically, and partly because the Swiss Franc is higher in value than other currencies, making the wines prohibitively expensive.
102
What is aiding in the revival of Eastern European wine?
The EU spreading eastward and bringing many former Soviet countries into the sphere, its rules forcing a rise in quality.
103
Austria is now a source of fine wines. What was it known for prior to that?
For a long period it was a supplier of bulk wine to Germany. The crisis of the 80's was brought on by brokers adulterating the wines chemically to add richness.
Following a tightening of controls and regulations, Austrian wines are now well-regarded again. It remains a small player internationally, from a volume standpoint.
104
Where is Austria?
Centrally located in Europe, southeast of Germany and northeast of Italy.
105
Describe the geography of Austria.
The Alps cover much of the country, especially the west. Only the low hills and plains in the east are suitable for winegrowing, leaving three states in the east holding the majority of the vineyard land.
106
What are the three states that hold the majority of Austrian vineyard land?
Burgenland, Niederösterreich, and Steiermark (Styria), which all border the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, and Slovenia.
107
Describe the climate of Austria.
As with most of central Europe, it is cool Continental. Summers are mild, winters are very cold (similar to Baden in southern Germany). The viticultural conditions are similar to Baden as well, as it lies at the same latitude, just to the west.
108
How many grapes are authorized for use at the PGI/PDO level in Austria?
40. 26 white and 14 red.
109
What dominates Austrian wine production?
White wine is over 66% of the total production in Austria.
110
What is the signature grape variety of Austria?
The indigenous Gruner Veltliner. A spicy white grape that is popular internationally and known for citrus, white pepper, and mineral characteristics.
When young it is vibrantly acidic with fresh fruit, while older vines and better vineyards produce wines capable of aging 3 to 10 years.
Nearly one third of Austrian vine acreage is planted to Gruner (35,530 acres)
111
Outside of Austria, where else is Gruner Veltliner found?
Mostly in Eastern Europe.
112
What are other white varieties common in Austria?
Welschriesling: not true Riesling, but makes fragrant, perfumy, high acid wines.
Muller-Thurgau: Low acid and unremarkable
Weissburgunder: pinot Blanc
Riesling: Most commonly in a dry style, but can be in the full range of styles up to TBA.
Chardonnay: Known locally as Morillon.
113
What is the most common red variety in Austria?
Zweigelt, also the second most planted grape behind Gruner Veltliner.
114
What is Zweigelt?
A cross between Blaufrankisch and St. Laurent. When well made, it is medium bodied with cherry flavors and a peppery finish.
115
What are other significant red varieties in Austria?
Blaufrankisch: Also known as Lemberger or Kekfrankos. One of the few Austrian grapes of importance in the USA. Makes full-bodied wines with high acidity, solid tannins, and dark-berry fruit flavors.
St. Laurent: A small percentage of acreage in Austria, increasingly exported. Member of the Pinot family, makes medium-bodied wine with medium tannins and cherry-berry flavors.
Spätburgunder, Blauberger, Merlot, and Portugieser are also planted.
116
What is the Austrian measure for must weight?
```
Klosterneuburger Mostwaage (KMW)
1 degree KMW = 1.2 Brix or 5 degrees Oechsle.
```
117
What are the place of origin and classification categories in Austria?
Similar, but not identical to those in Germany.
Wein
Landwein
PDO: 3 distinct levels; Qualitatswein, Pradikatswein, and Districtus Austriae Controllatus (DAC)
118
Describe the Wein category.
Basic category, formerly Tafelwein. May be labeled with a vintage and/or grape variety, but no place-of-origin more specific than Osterreich (Austria)
119
Describe the Landwein category.
PGI level in the EU schema. Wines with a geographical indication. Wines in this category are labeled with one of the three Weinbauregionen (Landwein regions): Weinland Österreich, Steierland, or Bergland.
120
Describe PDO wines of Austria.
All must be sourced from a single quality wine region (Weinbaugebiet), subregion, or specifically-defined DAC.
PDO wines account for roughly two-thirds of Austrian production, and while almost all is produced in the three easternmost states, all 9 of the states are designated as PDO wine-producing appellations.
121
Describe Austrian Qualitatswein.
It must be produced from grapes harvested at a minimum of 15KMW (18 Brix, 75 Oechsle); those harvested at a minimum of 19 KMW (22.8 Brix, 95 Oechsle) may qualify for Pradikatswein status.
122
What is the key difference between German Kabinett and Austrian Kabinett?
Austrian Kabinett is no longer a Pradikat level wine. They are a subset of Qualitatswein, rather than the beginning rung of Pradikatswein.
123
Describe Austrian Pradikatswein.
Divided into subcategories similar to Germany's (without Kabinett), and an additional category for a dried grape wine called Strohwein (or Schilfwein).
124
What are the Austrian Pradikatswein levels from least to most ripe?
Spatlese: minimum 19 KMW (22.8 Brix, 95 Oechsle)
Auslese: Minimum 21 KMW (25.2 Brix, 105 Oechsle), unripe grapes MUST be removed from the bunches.
Beerenauslese (BA), Eiswein, and Strohwein/Schilfwein: Minimum 25 KMW (30 Brix, 125 Oechsle)
Trockenbeerenauslese (TBA): Minimum 30 KMW (36 Brix, 150 Oechsle), majority or grapes MUST be affected by botrytis.
125
When was the Districtus Austriae Controllatus (DAC) system instituted, and what is it based on?
2003. It is based on the French terroir based concept and promoted by the EU. It designates classified grape growing regions , which are the highest quality level in Austria.
126
What can the DAC be used for?
Only for the specified grape varieties considered the most outstanding and most typical of the delineated region.
DACs also specify alcohol levels, aging regimens, and other specifics. Wines that don't meet those must be labeled with more generic designations.
127
What are the two levels of DAC designation?
Klassik and Reserve.
| Reserve wines have slightly higher standards of alcohol and specifics in terms of flavor profile.
128
As of 2016, which DACs will have a three tier classification system?
Kamptal, Kremstal, Traisental.
| The ladder begins with regional, moves up to village, and the highest level is single vineyard.
129
What is the key difference between Austrian and German wines (with the exception of dessert wines)?
Austrian wines are typically dry. Austria also produces some wines unique to the area.
130
Describe Strohwein (Schilfwein)
A dried grape wine that uses at least BA ripeness grapes. The grapes are air-dried on mats of straw (Stroh) or reeds (Schilf), or hung on strings, much like the Recioto wines of Veneto.
The grapes must be dried for a minimum of three months if picked at 25 KMW (30 Brix, 125 Oechsle), or they can be stored for two months if picked at 30 KMW (36 Brix, 150 Oechsle). The raisinated grapes are then pressed and fermented into a sweet wine.
131
What is Bergwein?
Mountain wine. Grapes must be produced on slopes with at least a 26% gradient.
132
What is the largest winegrowing region in Austria?
Niederösterreich, in both geographical area and acreage.
133
Describe the climate of Niederösterreich.
Continental. Warm, dry summers and severe winters. The Danube flows southeast through it, with many of the best vineyard sites along it.
134
Describe the Weinviertel DAC.
Largest of the subregions of Niederösterreich, stretching from the Danube Valley to the Czech border. DAC wines must be Gruner Veltliner, and tend to be pungent, spicy, and peppery. Reserve wines may have a subtle honeyed botrytis character.
135
What is common between Kamptal DAC, Traisental DAC, and Kremstal DAC?
All three have similar climates and all produce DAC wines from Gruner Veltliner or Riesling. The Gruner tends to be more delicate than that produced in Weinviertel.
136
Describe Wachau.
Westernmost area of Niederösterreich. Wachau lies in the Danube valley, Riesling and Gruner Veltliner are primary grapes, made into dry, age-worthy wines planted on steep inclines.
137
Describe Wagram.
On the Danube to the east of Wachau, Kamptal, and Kremstal. Formerly Donauland prior to 2007. Gruner is the most widely planted, typically it is rich, flavorful, and spicy.
Other leading grapes are Roter Veltliner, a pink skinned grape with no genetic link to Gruner Veltliner, Riesling, Pinot Noir, and Zweigelt.
138
Describe Thermenregion.
Located quite far from the moderating Danube, but produces a good deal of red wine, mainly Zweigelt. Some unique grapes are grown there as well (Rotgipfler, Zierfandler/Spatrot).
139
Describe Carnuntum DAC.
Approved as a DAC in October 2019, lies south and east of Vienna. Appellation is approved for dry wines (single variety or blends) . Whites may use Chardonnay, Weissburgunder (Pinot Blanc) or Gruner Veltliner; Reds may be based on Zweigelt or Blaufrankisch.
All varietally named DAC bottlings must 100% the named variety. Blends must contain minimum 67% of the aforementioned varieties.
140
Where is Burgenland? Describe.
To the south of Niederösterreich, along the border with Hungary. Lake Neusiedl is the largest closed-basin lake in Europe, and creates ideal Botrytis cinerea conditions in the area.
141
What is Ruster Ausbruch?
One of the most famous wines of Austria, made on the western shore of Lake Neusiedl. Since 2016, Ausbruch is considered synonymous with TBA, and can only be used with the wines of Rust.
The wine is produced from a combination of botrytis affected grapes and less concentrated grapes from the same vineyard, and is considered ne of the best dessert wines in the world.
142
What are the five DACs of Burgenland?
Mittelburgenland DAC, Eisenberg DAC, Neusiedlersee DAC, Leithaberg DAC, Rosalia DAC
143
Describe Mittelburgenland DAC.
The area makes red wines from Blaufrankisch, known for deep color, spicy aromas, and full body with red and black fruit flavors. Wines cannot show oak influence, and must be matured in steel or used oak. Reserve wines require an additional year of aging, and may use new oak.
144
Describe Eisenberg DAC.
Surrounding Eisenberg Hill in southern Burgenland. Produces red wines from Blaufrankisch, under regulations similar to Mittelburgenland.
145
Describe Neusiedlersee DAC.
East of Lake Neusiedl, stretching to the Hungarian border, making reds based on Zweigelt.
146
Describe Leithaberg DAC.
Vineyards are between Lake Neusiedl on the west and the Leitha Mts to the east. Warm lake winds help with ripeness, while the mountains give large diurnal shifts. Whites may be single-varietal or blends, using Gruner Veltliner, Pinot Blanc, Chardonnay, and/or Neuberger (n indigenous cross of Roter Veltliner and Sylvaner; reds are based on Blaufrankisch. with a maximum allowed blend of 15% Zewigelt, Pinot Noir, and/or St. Laurent.
147
Describe Rosalia DAC.
Approved in early 2018, for dry wines only in red or rose. The region lies in the Alpine foothills on the border between Niederösterreich and Burgenland. Reds are from Blaufrankisch or Zweigelt, and may be blended. Rose may be any red PDO wine approved in Austria.
148
Where is Steiermark? Describe.
The southernmost wine-producing region in Austria, home to less than 10% of the nation's vineyards. Hilly, almost mountainous, with deep valleys and south facing slopes. As of 2018, all three of its subregions are DAC.
Slightly warmer than most viticultural areas in Austria, with Sauvignon Blanc and Chardonnay among the leading varieties.
149
Describe Südsteiermark DAC.
Large growing area, with 20% planted to Sauvignon Blanc. Riesling, Chardonnay, and Pinot Gris are important as well. Soils are marine sediment, while the steep hillsides (up to 45 degrees) are marl and conglomerate soils.
During growing season days are warm and humid, with cool nights, allowing for complex, concentrated grapes.
150
Describe Vulkanland Steiermark DAC.
Rich in volcanic soils, with more its 3,765 acres planted mainly on long-dormant volcanoes. Approved grapes include Welschriesling, Chardonnay (Morillon), Weißburgunder (Pinot Blanc), Grauburgunder (Pinot Gris), Sauvignon Blanc, and Zweigelt.
151
Describe Weststeiermark DAC.
One of the smallest regions by acreage, with steep hills and deep valleys, just over 1200 acres.
The area is primarily known for its Schilcher Klassik Weststeiermark DAC (formerly Schilcher Rose), made from the red Blauer Wildbacher (Schilcher) variety that accounts for nearly 85% of plantings. Approved whites include Weißburgunder, Welschriesling, and Muller-Thurgau. A very small amount of red from Blauer Wildbacher is produced as well.
152
What is unique about Vienna?
It is the only European capital city to have a PDO within its city limits. The Wien PDO is tiny, only 1500 acres.
153
What were Heurigen?
Seasonal wine taverns, where the local winemakers traditionally served their newly produced wine in and around the vineyards at harvest time.
154
What is Gemischter Satz? Describe.
Wines made from several different grape varieties fermented together. Approved as Wiener Gemischter Satz DAC in 2013 for white wines made using a minimum of three varieties. They must be harvested, pressed, and fermented together, with no variety making up more than 50% of the blend, or less than 10%. The wines are meant to be fruit forward, and not allowed to show oak influence.
Unusually, per DAC rules, the grapes must be grown together in a field blend, side-by-side in the vineyard.
155
Regulations for Wiener Gemischter Satz specify a minimum of 3 varieties. How many are approved?
15; these include traditional varieties like Gruner Veltliner, Sylvaner, Traminer, Rotgipfer, Weissburgunder, and Grauburgunder, as well as international varieties like Chardonnay.
156
How much of hungary's wine production is white?
More than 70%. Furmint is the primary grape for dry white wines, and is part of the blend for the famous dessert wine Tokaji Aszu
157
What is Egri Bikaver?
"Bull's Blood of Eger." A full-bodied red made from Kadarka grapes blended with Kekfrankos (Blaufrankisch), Kekoporto (Portugieser), Cab Sauv, Cab Franc, Merlot, Menoire, Pinot Noir, Syrah, Blauberger, and Zweigelt.
158
What are the requirements for Egri Bikaver Superior?
First introduced in 2004 when Hungary joined the EU, it requires five of the approved varieties to be used.
159
What is the most famous wine of Hungary?
Tokaji Aszu. Luscious and sweet, it managed to survive Soviet control of Hungary.
160
Where is Tokaji Aszu produced?
In the Tokaj PDO of northern Hungary (part extends into eastern Slovakia as well).
161
What are the authorized grapes of the Tokaj PDO? What can it produce?
Furmint, Harslevelu, Kabar, Koverszolo, Sargamuskotaly (Muscat), and Zeta.
The PDO also produces dry whites and sparkling in addition to the dessert wine, and parts of the area are ideal for botrytis.
162
What are the primary grapes of Tokaji Aszu?
Furmint and Harslevelu, which provide enough acidity and aromatics to keep the wine from being cloyingly over-sweet.
163
How is it Tokaji Aszu produced?
Starting with late-harvested, botrytis affected grapes (in this condition, called aszu), the grapes are mashed into a thick paste and mixed with a normally fermented base wine for a day or two, allowing the wine to absorb the sugar and flavors of the aszu.
The wine is then racked and aged in small casks underground where film forming yeast similar to the flor in Sherry grows.
164
What is Eszencia?
Often referred to by its English name, Essencia, it's made from free-run juice of the sweetest and most botrytized grapes, hand selected. The wine requires a minimum RS of 45% and often takes years to ferment to 5-6% alcohol.
165
How far back does Croatia's winemaking history go?
More than 2,000 years. After being under dictatorships and Communism for most of the 20th century, it has been independent since 1991 and is revitalizing its wine industry.
It joined the EU in 2013.
166
What is Crljenak Kastelanski?
Also known as Tribidrag, native to Croatia. Across the Adriatic in Italy it is called Primitivo, and in the US is called Zinfandel.
167
What is the most widely grown grape in Croatia?
Grasevina (aka Welschriesling).
168
How much of Croatian production is white wine? What are the other leading white grapes?
White wine is nearly 2/3 of production; Malvasia, high-yielding Bogdanusa, along with int'l varieties Sauvignon Blanc, Pinot Gris, and Chardonnay.
169
What are the leading red grapes of Croatia?
Frankovka (Blaufrankisch), Teran, Plavac Mali (a close relation of Crljenak), along with Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot.
170
How is Croatia's wine country divided?
Into a coastal region and an inland region, divided by the Dinaric Alps.
The inland region (Kontinentalna Hrvatska) stretches 150 miles east, covering most of the eastern half of the country up to the border with Hungary. It produces mostly white wine, mostly consumed locally.
The coastal region (Primorska Hrvatska) extends 330 miles along the Adriatic coastline, with vineyards among the islands and inlets formed by the Kvarner Gulf. Climate is Mediterranean, maritime influence north and south, warmer particularly around Istrian Peninsula. The majority of Croatian wine, and a larger majority of its quality wine is produced in the coastal region.
171
Why doesn't Switzerland export much wine?
It produces a small amount, and domestic demand is three times its production. It's currency is also highly valued, making the wines expensive outside of Switzerland.
172
Is Switzerland a member of the EU? What are its laws?
No. It has its own governing body in charge of wine law, called the OIC (in three languages, roughly the Organization for International Certification).
Official wine regions and controlled appellations similar to French AOC began implementation in the 1990s, and specify grape varieties, winemaking, and styles, are largely overseen by the individual cantons (states).
173
Where are the primary areas for winegrowing in Switzerland?
In the many protected valleys, mostly along the northern shore of Lake Geneva (French speaking) and in the Valais (valley of the Rhone River) to the east.
174
What does Switzerland produce?
Now, more red than white, with Pinot Noir the leader, followed by Gamay and Merlot.
Chasselas, aka Fendant, an indigenous white grape, is the primary white variety.
175
What was made in Romania for most of the 20th century?
Bulk wine for the Soviet Union. Since joining the EU in 2007, there has been an influx of investment and concentration on quality wine production.
176
What is the climate of Romania?
Generally continental, moderated in places by the Black Sea, Danube River, and Carpathian Mountains.
177
How many appellations are there in Romania?
More than 40 with the oldest (Tarnave DOC) surrounding the Carpathian Mountains in the center of the country.
The well-known sweet wines of the Cotnari DOC are produced in the Moldovan Hills to the east.
178
Why were many Romanian vineyards planted to French varieties? What is the focus now?
Romania was a victim of the original phylloxera epidemic, and replanted to French varietals then. Now, there is a dual focus on indigenous and international varieties, leading to some unusual blends.
179
What are the leading white grapes of Romania?
Feteasca Alba and Feteasca Regala, both of which make light, aromatic wines of varying sweetness. International varieties include Muscat, Aligote and Sauvignon Blanc.
180
What are the leading red grapes of Romania?
Pinot Noir is the leading red grape for export, while the indigenous Feteasca Neagra is considered the flagship red of the country.
181
Was Bulgaria a major wine exporter?
Yes, in the 1970's and 80's.
182
When did Bulgaria join the EU?
2007. The wine industry has been modernizing and improving since, with the majority of production in international varieties for export.
183
Describe the geography and climate of Bulgaria.
A temperate continental climate with hot summers, long and cold winters, and four distinct seasons. The Danube runs along the northern border with Romania, leaving the northern region the vast Danube lowlands, while the south is elevated plains and highlands. The Back Sea borders to the east.
184
What are the red grapes of Bulgaria?
Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot are the dominant international varieties, with Syrah, Pinot noir, and Zinfandel. Indigenous varieties include Mavrud, Rubin (a Nebbiolo and Syrah cross), Gamza (aka Kadarka). Melnik is a highly tannic variety in the Struma river Valley, and Pamid is a thin skinned early ripening variety.
185
What are the white grapes of Bulgaria?
Rkatsiteli and Dimiat, common throughout eastern Europe are the two most widely planted. Misket Chevren (literally Red Misket) is a high aromatic pink-skinned native grape grown in the hills of the country. Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Riesling, and Viognier are common international white varieties.
186
Why is Slovenia "the crossroads of Europe's wine culture?"
It sits on the Mediterranean and is bordered by four established wine producing countries (Italy to the east, Austria to the north, Hungary to the northeast, and Croatia to the south and southeast.
187
When did Slovenia join the EU? how are its PDO wines categorized?
2004. The PDO wines are ZOP (zasciteno oznacbo porekla). There are 14 currently defined, with several variations within them (for sparkling, botrytis affected, etc). All are within the three PGI regions of Slovenia (ZGO locally).
188
Where are the three Slovenian ZGO located?
Podravje ZGO: Inland east of the country, surrounding the valleys of the Pesnica, Drava, and Mura Rivers. The largest region, producing half the country's wine.
Primorska ZGO: On the Adriatic coast across from Venice, sharing a border with Friuli. Several of the wine areas stradle the border (Goriska Brda ZOP becomes Collio Goriziano, Kras ZOP becomes Carso DOC, etc)
Posavje ZGO: Means Lower Sava. The smallest and most old fashioned wine producing region, at the end of the Sava River valley.
189
What varieties are grown in Slovenia?
Whites are the leading product; widely planted are Riesling, Traminec (Gewurztaminer), Rizvanec (Muller-Thurgau), Sivi Pinot (Pinot Gris), Sauvignon Blanc, and Chardonnay; Friulano (Tai) and Ribolla Gialla are grown in Primorska near the Italian border.
Reds: Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, St. Laurent, Modri Pinot (Pinot Noir), and Refosco.
190
True or false: Many archaeologists believe Georgia is the home of world's first cultivated vineyards.
True. The country has one of the oldest and most unique wine-producing cultures in the world.
191
What are Qvevri?
Large, egg-shaped earthenware vessels used in Georgia for aging wine. Recently added to UNESCO's list of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.
192
When did Georgia become independent from the Soviet Union?
1991. Its constitution contains the "Law of Georgia on Wine and Vine," which specify winemaking zones (controlled appellations recognized by the EU), as well as specs for varieties, definitions of wine styles, and approved winemaking and viticultural practices.
193
Is Georgia a member of the EU?
No. The two have trade relations since 1996, but Georgia is not currently a candidate for EU membership.
194
How many indigenous varieties are there in Georgia?
More than 500 identifiable, which make up more than 90% of Georgian wine production. Wild vines of Vitis vinifera silvestris subspecies can still be found in parts of the country.
Only about 35 of the indigenous varieties are commercially used, making up a large portion of the 110,000+ acres in the country.
195
What are the leading grapes of Georgia?
Rkatsiteli is the leading white grape, as it is throughout Eastern Europe, making light, floral, crisp white wines.
Saperavi is the leading red, making high-alcohol wines with good potential for aging.
196
Where is Crimea?
At the northern end of the Black Sea.
197
What is Novy Svet?
A famous sparkling wine of Crimea, founded in 1878, that produced "Brut Paradiso" which beat out several famous Champagne producers to win Grad prix de Champagne at the 1900 World's Fair in Paris.
198
What is produced in Crimea?
Sparkling wines, mostly, as the Crimean Peninsula was the largest wine supplier to the USSR during the Soviet era.
"Sovetskoye Shampanskoye" (Soviet Champagne) has retained its popularity and is increasing in production, alongside still wines of predominantly international varieties. A fortified wine called Etalita is produced as well.
199
What is the general historical spread of the culture of wine?
Georgia to the Eastern Mediterranean before recorded history. From there the Greeks and Phoenicians spread it to the coasts of the Mediterranean in western Europe and North Africa.
200
How long is the history of wine in Greece?
At least 4000 years. They were exported all over the Western world in ancient times.
201
What crippled the Greek wine trade in the Middle Ages?
Conquest by the Ottomans, and subsequent heavy taxation on the export of wine to outsiders.
202
What is retsina?
A traditional wine product from Greece that utilizes pine resin as preservative and means of preventing oxidation. Contributed to Greece's reputation for wines that were outdated and poorly made.
203
What is modern Greek wine style?
Typically clean, fresh, balanced, and food friendly. They concentrate largely on unfamiliar indigenous grapes, and give alternatives to standard international varieties.
204
Describe the geography and topography of Greece.
South of Macedonia, Bulgaria, and Albania. It consists mostly of a mountainous peninsula surrounded on three sides by the Mediterranean.
Greece also incorporates several archipelagoes incorporating some 3000 smaller islands, as well as the major island of Crete. Some of the smaller islands are in the Ionian Sea, but most are in the Aegean.
205
What comprises the upper part of mainland Greece?
The historical areas of Thrace, Macedonia, Epirus, and Thessalia. Farther to the south is Athens and its region Attica. West of Athens is the Peloponnese Peninsula, clinging onto the rest of Greece at the Isthmus of Corinth.
206
What is unique about the Peloponnese?
Outside of its almost insular nature, it has the highest concentration of vineyards in all of Greece.
207
What is the climate of Greece?
Shockingly, it is classic Mediterranean, with slight temperature variations from north to south, and substantial ones due to elevation changes.
High mountains run the length of the western side of the mainland, rain shadowing the eastern side, and making it much drier than the Ionian side.
208
What is the trend in new Greek plantings?
Vines are planted throughout the country and on almost every habitable island, but recently the trend is planting hillside vineyards at higher elevations, up to 2500 feet, to take advantage of cooler temperatures.
209
How many indigenous varieties are there in Greece?
Over 300 have been catalogued.
210
What are the primary and secondary red grapes of Greece
Primary include: Xinomavro, primarily from the northern areas, especially Macedonia. Compared to Pinot Noir.
Agiorgitiko: Grown mainly in the Peloponnese, more tannic and fruitier than Xinomavro
Mavrodaphne: Mainly for sweeter fortified wines similar to ruby Port.
Secondary include: Kotsifali from Crete, Liatiko from Crete, Mandelaria from the Aegean islands.
211
What are the primary and secondary white grapes of Greece?
Primary include: Moschofilero, a pink grape akin to Pinot Gris that comes from the Mantinia region of the Peloponnese. High acid with floral and spicy aromas.
Assyrtiko: High acid white originally from Santorini, now throughout the country. Used for dry and sweet.
Muscat (Moschato): Well-known ancient variety found throughout the Mediterranean; almost always sweet (ie Muscat of Samos, Rio Patras, Patras). Apricot, honey, orange peel, spice.
Athiri: Grown in Rhodes and Santorini. Low acid, but provides blends with good body and high aromatics.
Roditis: Widely planted, makes easy drinking wines with crisp, fruity flavors.
Secondary include: Malagousia (mainland Greece), Savatiano (Central Greece), Debina (Epirus), Robola (Cephalonia), Vilana (Crete)
212
What are the international varieties of note in Greece?
Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, and Syrah.
Syrah especially has made significant strides, especially on the mainland.
International varieties are considered non-traditional, and rarely in PDO level wines.
213
Does Greece follow the EU rule pyramid?
Yes, though the quality wine categories are divided more by style than quality.
214
What is the basic wine level in Greece?
EO (epitrapezios oinos), accounting for one half of Greece's total wine production.
215
What is OKP?
Onomasia kata paradosi (appellation by tradition). A special subcategory at the PGI level to protect the traditional wines of Greece without tying them to a geographical region. This includes Retsina and Verdea, an oxidative white wine.
216
What is the PGI level in Greece?
TO (Topikos oinos, or regional wine). Greece has more than 100 PGI designations, divided into regions, districts, and areas.
Regional units correspond to the major regions (Crete, Peloponnese, etc), districts used to be called prefectures, and the areas may be as small as a single estate.
217
What are the two PDO designations of Greece?
OPE (onomasia prolefseos eleghomeni, or controlled appellaton of quality) and OPAP (onomasia prolefseos anoteras poiotitos, or appeallation of origin of superior quality).
218
What is OPE?
Considered the top level, because of the controlled appellation (similar to the guarantee in Italy's DOCG). There are 8, and they produce sweet wines only. They all carry a light blue seal over the bottle opening.
219
What is OPAP?
Primarily for dry, unfortified wines. There are 20 OPAP areas (five of which have separate appellations for red and white wines). Designated by a light red seal placed over the bottle opening.
220
How much of Greek wine production is at the PDO level?
Only 15%, and most of those designated for export will contain the phrase "PDO Wines of Greece."
221
What has to be true of wines designated Reserve or Grand Reserve in Greece?
They may only be PDO level wines.
Whites and roses: Six months in oak and three more in the bottle for reserve, two years total, including at least one in oak for Grand Reserve
Reds: Minimum two years total, at least one in oak for Reserve; minimum of 4 years for Grand Reserve, including at least 18 months on oak.
222
What is the Cava (Kava) designation in Greece?
May be seen on PGI level wines.
White or rose must spend at least six months on oak and a minimum of one year total aging.
Reds must spend a minimum of a year on oak, and a 3 years minimum total aging.
223
What is palaiomenos se vareli?
Aged in barrel. Labeling term for Kava, reserve, or Grand Reserve wines that have exceeded their minimum oak aging requirements.
224
Why are many of Greece's modern winemakers dissatisfied with the appellation system?
They believe it is limiting, and wish to experiment with non-traditional varieties, blends of indigenous and int'l varieties, or unconventional blends of indigenous grapes. Some of the most exciting blends can only be labeled as TO or even EO.
225
What are the well known regions of Macedonia?
Amynedon (Amyndaio): dry to off-dry red and rose, from Xinomavro
Cotes de Meliton OPAP: red and white from Greek and French varieties.
Goumenissa OPAP: Dry red from Xinomavro and Negoska.
Naoussa OPAP: dry to off-dry red from Xinomavro
226
What are the well known regions of the Peloponnese?
Mantinia OPAP: Dry white, from Moschofilero.
Mavrodaphne of Patras OPE: Sweet fortified red from Mavroddaphne.
Nemea OPAP: Largest red wine appellation in Greece, dry to sweet reds from Agiorgitiko, may be aged; have good acidity and aromatics.
Patras OPAP: dry whites from Roditis; elegant light wines with citrus aromas and flavors.
227
What are the well known regions of the Aegean Islands?
Santorini OPAP: Assyrtiko; dry whites that have vibrant acidity and minerality, and develop beautiful richness over time. Must be a minimum of 75% Assyrtiko, with Athiri and Aidani approved for the remainder.
228
What is Vinsanto in Greece?
Dried grape wines produced under the Santorini OPAP; typically sweet and unfortified, but ay be fortified. Must be barrel aged for a minimum of two years, though many are aged much longer.
229
Describe the soil and climate of Santorini.
Volcanic island that is extremely dry and windy, requiring vines to be trained low to the ground.
The vines are often trained in a wreath of basket shape called stefani.
230
What is Commandaria?
A sweet amber-colored dessert wine made on Cyprus; it uses a blend of red Mavro and white Xynisteri grapes, sun-dried after harvest. It naturally reaches high levels of alcohol via natural fermentation and is sometimes fortified as well.
231
What is the mana system?
Similar to the solera system, but using earthenware jars for the aging of Commandaria.
232
Turkey is one of the largest grape-growing countries in the world. Where do they go?
Eaten fresh or as raisins.
233
Are most Turkish wines seen outside the country?
No, though its largest producer Kavaklidere does export. Turkish production includes native and international varieties.
234
Is Turkey part of the EU?
It is currently a candidate to join, since 2005. Wine laws will then radically change.
The Tobacco and Alcohol Market Regulatory Council currently administers the laws, but focuses mainly on the sales and distribution side. The basic laws for viticultural standards were written into the general Law of Agricultural Insurance in 2005.
235
What does the Wines of Turkey organization do?
Spearheads the modernization and regulation of Turkey's wine industry. Projects include the definition of specific wine regions (separate from the country's existing agricultural regions), standards for vineyard yield, and a database of authorized grape varieties.
236
Why is there a small wine community in Lebanon?
It has long connection with the French and a sizable Christian minority (laws that don't preclude alcohol consumption).
237
Where are most of Lebanon's vineyards located?
In the western Bekaa Valley, at fairly high elevations to take advantage of nighttime cooling.
Some producers are experimenting with areas in the eastern Bekaa Valley as well as in Batroun and Jezzine.
238
What is the main producer in Lebanon?
Chateau Musar, though a handful of others are gaining recognition.
239
What is grown in Lebanon?
International grapes in most regions, as well as a handful of ancient, indigenous grapes like Obeideh and Merwah (both white).
240
What organization is leading efforts to create a comprehensive modern wine law in Lebanon?
Since 1997, the Union Vinicole du Liban. They passed a significant set of regulations in 2000, replacing the previous laws that had been in place since 1938.
The new laws are based loosely on the French AOC system, outlining many elements of production such as regions of origin, labeling terminology, and viticultural practices.
241
Why has Israel worked hard to develop its own wine industry in the face of desert heat, insufficient water, and consistent warfare?
Wine is an integral part of Jewish religious practices, and has resulted in a high quality industry built around makers trained in the major wine-producing countries.
242
There are major differences in climate from the north to the south in Israel. How many major regions is the country divided into?
Five. Galilee, Shomon, Shimshon, Jerusalem Mountains (Judaean Hills), Negev
243
What is Galilee divided into?
In the north, divided into several subregions including Golan Heights, Upper Galilee, and Lower Galilee. It is the most important region, where the elevation and the farthest north latitude allows the most temperate climate in the country.
244
Where is Shomon?
Also called Samaria, it inclues the Sharon plain near the Mediterranean, just south of the city of Haifa.
245
Where is Shimshon?
Also known as Samson, located between the Judaean Hills and the coastal plain.
246
Where is the Jerusalem Mountains region?
In the Judaean hills between the Mediterranean Sea and the Dead Sea, surrounding the city of Jerusalem.
247
Where is the Negev region?
In the far south. It is a semi-arid desert region with viticulture made possible by drip irrigation.
248
Does Israel have an appellation system?
The beginnings of one, but appears to be following the New World style of truth in labeling requiring rather than mandated use of specific grape varieties of production techniques.
249
What has become more emphasized in the last 30 years of the Israeli wine industry?
Terroir and climate, and improving quality. Adding New World winemaking techniques allows the winemakers to put their stamp on their respective wines.
250
While most Israeli wine is marked for religious use and kosher, is all of it?
No. The nonkosher market is growing, particularly amongst the boutique producers for the export market, as the quality of Israeli wines becomes recognized around the world.
