module 9 Flashcards
Individual differences:
The variations and distinctions between people in terms of their characteristics, behaviors, or abilities, which—when observed as a whole—make up the pieces of an individual’s personality.
do people usually change their individual differences?
no
Trait
A long-term and enduring characteristic of an individual that shows through their thoughts, feelings, and actions
resiliency = more trait b/c it can become stronger all the time
State
A temporary way of being that an individual experiences for a short period of time
test anxiety = seen as a state b/c is ebbs and flows based on the course/content on the exam/% weight of exam
what is the Explanatory style theory
This theory, in essence, describes the features of optimists compared to pessimists.
This theory aims to explain how people interpret and explain the causes of events in their lives, particularly in response to success and failure.
what are the dimensions of the explanatory style
Internal-External
E.g., “It’s me” VS “It’s someone else”
Stable-Unstable
E.g., “It’s going to last forever” VS “It’s temporary”
Global-Specific
E.g., “It’s going to affect everything that happens to me” VS “It’s only going to influence this”
pessimistic explanatory style
People with a pessimistic explanatory style explain:
bad events as
internal, stable, and global
good events
as external, unstable, and specific.
optemistic explanatory style
People with an optimistic explanatory style explain
bad and good events in the opposite way to pessimists.
bad events as external, unstable, and specific.
good events as internal, stable, and global
The five-factor theory of personality (often referred to as The Big Five)
This theory is the most popular approach to personality among researchers and has gained substantial empirical support.
The purpose of this theory is to classify the amount (on a spectrum) that an individual embodies ‘OCEAN’
OCEAN- openness
Reflects a person’s curiosity, creativity, and willingness to try new things.
HIGH- imginative, open to new ideas, enjoys exploring differe perspectives
high-increased risk of cigarets
OCEAN-Conscientiousness
Refers to a person’s level of organization, responsibility, and dependability.
high-detail oriented, disciplined, reliable, goal focused
“im always prepaired.”
“i get chores done right away”
low- alzheimers
high- low obesity
OCEAN-Extraversion
Describes a person’s level of sociability, assertiveness, and energy in social situations.
OUTGOING, TALKATIVE, SEEKS SOCIAL INTERACTION
“Do you start convo”
“do you feel comfy around others”
-strongest predictor of phsycial activity
OCEAN-Agreeableness
Measures a person’s tendency to be cooperative, compassionate, and trusting toward others.
Warm, kind, empathetic and willing to compromise
-high- less alcoholism , depression, more career stability
OCEAN- Neuroticism
Reflects a person’s emotional stability and tendency to experience negative emotions
high: prone to anxiety, mood swings, ad emotional instability
-most strongly related to health conditions
Dark triad- what are three components
is a theory of maladaptive personality traits
Psychopathy
Machiavellianism
Narcissism:
what do the three dark triad share
All three traits share characteristics such as a
lack of empathy,
interpersonal hostility, interpersonal offensiveness.
Psychopathy:
A lack of empathy, remorse, and an overall tendency to disregard social norms and rules, often leading to antisocial behaviors.
Higher rates of diseases, substance use, and injuries.
Associated with poor health behaviors due to impulsivity and a ‘live fast’ approach (shorter lifespan, high risk-taking).
Machiavellianism:
Involves a manipulative and exploitative approach to interpersonal interactions, often prioritizing personal gain over ethical considerations.
Higher rates of diseases, substance use, and injuries, but less strongly than psychopathy.
Linked to long-term strategizing and self-monitoring, which may increase stress and harm health over time.
Narcissism:
Characterized by an inflated sense of self- importance, a need for excessive attention and admiration, and a lack of empathy.
Predicts both positive and negative health outcomes.
Positive: More likely to exercise, eat breakfast, and attend medical checkups (motivated by self-image).
Negative: Linked to higher rates of migraines, and harmful behaviors like excessive sun exposure due to impulsivity and preference for immediate rewards.
Privilege
A special advantage or opportunity that is available only to certain and taken away at any time.
discrimination against characteristics (age, sex, gender, etc) and these discriminations are typically embedded within the systems
Right
An inherent, irrevocable entitlement held by all citizens or all human beings from the moment of birth
no chance of anything being stripped away
The World Health Organization (WHO) states that health is:
”…one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race, religion, political belief, economic or social condition.”
”…fundamental to the attainment of peace and security and is dependent on the fullest cooperation of individuals and [their nation].”
the right to health contains 3 elements
inclusivity
freedom
entitlement
The right to health is an inclusive right
The right to health not only includes access to health care and hospitals, but to a wide range of factors that can help us to lead a healthy life, including:
Safe drinking water and adequate sanitation
Gender equity
Healthy working and environmental conditions
Safe food
Adequate nutrition and housing
The right to health contains freedoms
These freedoms refer to the right to being free from non-consensual medical treatment (e.g., medical experiments and research), torture, or other cruel, inhumane, or degrading treatment or punishment.
(eg. forced sterilization, inhumane tx)
The right to health contains entitlements
-A system of health protection providing equality of opportunity for everyone
-Equal and timely access to basic health services
-Provision of health-related education and information
-The right to prevention, treatment and information and control of diseases
-Participation of the population in health-related decision making
-Access to essential medicines
-Maternal, child and reproductive health
All services, good, and facilities must be (4)
Available:
Must be present in sufficient quantity.
Accessible:
Physically accessible to all (including vulnerable groups).
Financially affordable and non-discriminatory.
Right to access health information in an accessible format while maintaining data privacy.
Acceptable: Must respect medical ethics, and be gender-sensitive and culturally appropriate.
Of Good Quality: Requires trained professionals, approved drugs, proper equipment, sanitation, and safe drinking water.
what is the foundation of the house
cultural racism
supports the superiority and inferiority of racialized groups
structural/institutionalized racism
how societal institutions (legal system, etc) systematically disadvantage racialized minorities
residential segregation
individual discrimination
direct lived experience of being treated unfairly b/c of race
denied a job, facing biased treatment in healthcare settings
linked to higher rates of poor health outcomes (depression, anxiety, hypertension, reduced used of healthcare system b/c of distress
four outcomes of discrimination on individual health
- Biological dysregulation
- Worsened mental health
3.maladpative health behaviours
4.reduces trust in the healthcare system
