Module 9 Flashcards
A force that pulls everything towards its center.
Gravitational Force
constant for the acceleration due to gravity
9.81 m/s^2
These are caused by the gravitational pull of the Moon and the Sun on Earth’s water, creating tidal bulges.
Tides
These are the highest high tides and lowest low tides, occurring when the Earth, Moon, and Sun are aligned (during full and new moons).
Spring Tides
These are tides with the smallest difference between high and low water levels, occurring when the Sun and Moon form a right angle with the Earth (during quarter moons).
Neap Tides
How do tidal forces work?
Tidal forces arise from the differences in gravitational pull exerted by the Moon (or the Sun) on various parts of Earth, causing water to bulge on the near and far sides of the planet.
A bulge in Earth’s oceans caused by the gravitational pull of the Moon and the Sun, combined with Earth’s rotation.
Tidal Bulge
What does Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation state?
- The greater the mass of one (1) object, the greater the force of
gravity it exerts over the other object. - The farther the two (2) objects are from one another, the weaker
the force of gravity.
The gravitational influence is so weak that the one experiencing
it has that sensation of weightlessness.
Microgravity
the speed required by any object to “escape” or break free, from a body’s gravitational influence, specifically for celestial bodies. It applies to any object, even small particles, such as gas molecules.
Escape Velocity
What are Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion?
- The Law of Elliptical Orbits
- The Law of Equal Areas
- The Law of Harmonies
Also known as the Law of Ellipses,
it states that all orbital paths of planets take on an elliptical shape,
with the Sun as one of its focus.
The Law of Elliptical Orbits
This law states that all calculated areas, which result from a planet’s movement around the Sun, are all
equal in values.
The Law of Equal Areas
The period of a planet wherein it is close to the Sun, thus creates a very wide triangle, or “pizza slice”, colloquially.
Perihelion
The farthest point of a planet with respect to the Sun, thereby creating a very narrow “pizza slice”.
Aphelion
This law states that, by observing the motions of two planets moving around the Sun, therein lies a calculated ratio where the ratio of the squares of the planets’ periods (𝑇) is equal to the ratio of the cubes of the planets’ average distances (𝑟) from the Sun.
The Law of Harmonies
The study of the movement of the
heavenly bodies.
Celestial Mechanics
Motion that repeats in a regular cycle, such as a swinging pendulum or oscillating spring.
Periodic Motion
The amount of time it takes for the motion to repeat itself, much like it is the measured time for an object to completely move around its designated center.
Period (T)
It is defined to be the number of events per unit of time. For periodic motion, _______ is the number of oscillations per unit time.
Frequency (f)
The symbol k refers to the ______ ______
spring constant
Objects attached to a spring or any elastic object with negligible mass
is governed by ______ ______.
Hooke’s Law
The maximum displacement from the equilibrium position.
Amplitude (A)
While some objects undergoing simple harmonic motion move back and forth as governed by Hooke’s law, some objects rotate back and forth between two angular positions. These objects are generally called _______.
Pendulums
A ______ ______ is a system consists of a particle of mass m (called the bob of the pendulum) suspended from one end of a massless string of fixed length L that is attached at the other end. The bob is free to swing back and forth in the plane of the page, to the left and right of a vertical line through the pendulum’s pivot point.
Simple pendulum
If a pendulum has two (2) pivots, it is considered to be a ______ ______ . In this, one (1) of the two (2) pivots is the main pivot, while the second pivot is located at the pendulum’s center of mass. This causes the bob to swing at a smaller angle and cannot pass through the center of mass itself, unlike the simple pendulum.
Physical pendulum
The third pendulum has a unique take. Its rod is fixed and cannot swing. Instead, the pendulum twists back and forth, creating an angular harmonic motion.
Torsion pendulum
