Module 9

Question 1

What is domestic violence?

Answer 1

Any violence between family members

Question 2

What is intimate partner violence/dating violence?

Answer 2

Any violence or mistreatment that a partner experiences a the hands of a marital, common-law, or dating partner; including ex-partners

Question 3

What is most research on IPV and DV on?

Answer 3

Most DV is predominantly adolescence and most research is heteronormative

Question 4

What did Whitfield et al show?

Answer 4

Was a surgery with 88,975 college students in US that showed that there are higher rates of all types of IPV among LGBT students, the highest rates among bisexual and transgender students.
This is because
* don’t want to out a partner
* More complex issues
* Inherently different
○ Look different
○ What does abuse look like?
○ Don’t have good models
* Conflict can rise when someone’s gender identity doesn’t fit into the others view
* Lots of risk values
○ High levels of childhood trauma
Substance use

Question 5

What did Beaupre, Burczcka & Conroy show?

Answer 5

25% of all violent crimes reported to police involve IPV
80% of IPV victims are women
Between 2005-2015 the highest risk ages were 25-29
IVP is more common in dating relationships, although this may be a reporting issue

Question 6

What are the 4 types of IPV?

Answer 6

Physical - Beating someone, Chocking, Pushing shoving, Grabbing your wrist
Emotional
Sexual
Financial - Taking money, never giving it back, Controlling what they can or cannot spend, Using money to manipulate the situation, Not letting them work

Question 7

What is the definition of emotional/psychological IPV?

Answer 7

When a person uses words or actions to control, frighten, or isolate someone or take away their self-respect. Often starts with more subtle types of emotional/psychological abuse and manipulation

Question 8

What are examples of emotional/psychological IPV?

Answer 8

Has at it’s goal manipulation and control. These behaviors are not done by accident, in order to be violence, it is done with intention to exhort control

Humiliation/criticism - making jokes about you in front of their friends; being mean under the blanket of constructive criticism; belittling you so you feel smaller then, doubt yourself

Gaslighting - lying, creating a story that makes someone question the truth; making someone question their own perception/reality; manipulating your memory, knowingly; a continued behavior

Isolation - not letting you see friends or family; I had a bad day, I’m the only one who loves you; silent treatment

Coercion - making you responsible for how they feel, saying they will break up with you

Control/monitoring - telling who you can or cannot go; having your passwords and location at all times; cannot go out at certain times

Chaotic behavior - one moment being loving and care then the next being angry and mean; looking to escalate certain situations so they will do whatever they can to stop it from happening again

Love bombing - creating a strong dependence on a person; obsession; purpose is to blind you from seeing the other red flags; can happen before or after a negative incident; family and friends love them

Question 9

Is emotional/psychological IPV illegal in Canada? If not, where is it illegal?

Answer 9

No, the Canadian criminal code only has uttering threats; harassment

In the UK, they added s. 39 of Domestic Abused Act in 2015. This make “coercive and controlling” behavior illegal. In order to find someone guilty it must:
Behavior must be related or continuous
Most occur between people who are personally connection
Have a serious effect on victim (i.e. must fear violence on at least 2 occasions; or substantial adverse effect on their day to day)
Perpetrator must know (or ought to have known) that their behavior would have serious effect on victim

Question 10

Prior to 1983, what was the sexual assault law in Canada?

Answer 10

Rape was the only level and was defined as non-consensual penetrative sex between a man and a woman, when the woman is not the man’s wife. This was invasive and not inclusive and meant that the woman had to disclose the rape very soon after it happened to proved that the penis entered her

Question 11

What is affirmative consent?

Answer 11

An enthusiastic yes, without other variables, between both parties; should be no question, no intoxication (unless it is the same levels), responsibility is on the party initiating; continuing to check in; there’s no guessing game

Question 12

What types of behaviors are necessary to ensure consent?

Answer 12

Asking if things are alright, continuing to be aware of body language, not pressuring them

Question 13

Does consent change within long-term relationships?

Answer 13

Yes and no; it should always be given however it may no longer be necessary to continue to verbally ask every time; you have more conversations on what it will look like and their boundaries

Question 14

What did Newsroom et al show?

Answer 14

Gave a list of nonverbal (Implied) consent vs verbal (affirmative consent)
Nonverbal:
Direct eye contact
reciprocal acts
pulling someone closer
Verbal
Direct question
Indicating what you like
Checking in

Also showed that women prefer verbal; men prefer nonverbal

Question 15

What does the Criminal code of Canada say about consent, what does it rely on, and when does it say there is no consent?

Answer 15

Consent must be given freely and voluntarily.
Relies on the idea that one is comfortable saying no and know that it will be respected, which is not true.
There is NO consent when:
It is given by someone other than the complainant
Complainant is unconscious
Complainant is incapable of consenting
Complainant is pressured or coerced by a person in a position of trust of authority
Complainant, having consented, no longer want to continue to engage in sexual activity

Question 16

What is sexual coercion?

Answer 16

A tactic utilized by a perpetrator in a sexual encounter to persuade or coerce the other person to agree or give in to sexual activity ‘against freely given consent’. It is a scale that goes from non-forceful; verbal, to more forceful; verbal, to incapacitation, to overt; physical force

Question 17

What does affirmative consent assume?

Answer 17

Assumes that people feel comfortable saying “no” and that the “no” will be respected. No should be a complete sentence.

Question 18

What does Heron et al. show?

Answer 18

Answered the question why do victims of IPV stay?
Significant investments in relationship (marriage, children, pregnancy)
Don’t see themselves as a victim (video in class)
Entrapment (economic dependency; physical/social isolation + learned helplessness + religious/cultural beliefs

Also showed factors related to leaving:
External support (professional, personal)
Fear of harm (more serious harm)
Protecting children

Question 19

What is learned helplessness?

Answer 19

Unable to control it; give up. The idea that a person will eventually accept the things that are being told to them, the more you experience abuse, the more likely you will just lie down and take it

Question 20

What did Barrios et al. show?

Answer 20

Showed that the decision to leave is complex and individual that has to do with
Individual factors
interpersonal factors
community and sociocultural factors

Question 21

What is battered woman syndrome?

Answer 21

A sub-category of PTSD which symptoms include:
Difficulty sleeping, including nightmares and insomnia
feelings of fear, anger, sadness, hopelessness, and worthlessness
panic attacks or flashbacks to the abuse

It can be used to justify self-defense (it is not a defense in itself) if these things can be proven:
A force or threat of force was being used against them or another person
You acted for the purposes of defending yourself or others from that force or threat of force
Your act was reasonable in the circumstances
Battered man syndrome has never been successfully argued

Question 22

What was R. V. Lavelle?

Answer 22

A women in an abusive relationship starting very young who was a victim for 4 years, before she shot and killed him. She claimed she was a battered woman, prosecution argued that he was walking away so there was no threat in the moment and there was an excessive use of force. She was acquitted, then court of appeals convicted her, Supreme Court upheld jury’s decision and recognized the role of battered woman syndrome

Question 23

When are women more likely to commit violent offenses?

Answer 23

When compared to men, women are more likely to commit violence offenses with a co-offender, often a romantic partner. This risk is increased when it is an abusive relationship

Question 24

Who was Karla Homolka?

Answer 24

A victim of years of intimate partner violence who ended up helping and committing sexual assaults and murder with her boyfriend. She claims learned helplessness/coercion/control. She took a plea deal and got a super light sentence before the tapes of the crimes were found which proved her involvement

Question 25

What are the risk factors for perpetrating IPV (Bonta & Andrews)?

Answer 25

You are more likely to engage in IPV if the benefits out weigh the costs
Middle of this model is learning theory
Big part is the social model
1. History of behavior - strongest predictor of criminal behavior is past criminal behavior
2. Antisocial friends - More likely to engage in behavior if the people around you reward it
3. Substance use
4. Antisocial personality - Disorders and traits; callousness, lack of empathy, low self control, impulsivity
5. Antisocial cognition/attitudes - the most malleable so people focus on it the most; rationalization/minimization, traditional gender norms, relationship power (your perception with the amount of power you have in the relationship, if you are unhappy you’re more likely to commit violence to gain some), anger/hostility, entitlement
6. Problems with school work - Increase stress and hostility, trigger point
7. Problems with Family - Increase stress and hostility, trigger point
8. Leisure/recreation time - Increase stress and hostility, trigger point

Question 26

What did Kearney et al. show?

Answer 26

Gave a relationship red flag scale: Monitoring, controlling, demeaning, aggressive (explosive temper), jealous

Question 27

What are the three types of intervention to prevent IPV/dating violence?

Answer 27

Primary:
For everyone, preventing from occurring at all, target everyone, prevent from the beginning
Secondary:
For people at higher risk of perpetration (but have not done it), prevent them from perpetration, preventative
Tertiary:
For people who have offended, prevent them form offending again

Question 28

What are some examples of primary prevention (Crooks et al.)?

Answer 28

Fourth R: a program for youth in elementary and secondary schools which focus on teaching health relationship skills. Evaluations have shown reduced dating violence, increased condom use, increased peer resistance, effects even larger for vulnerable youth
Safe Dates: a program for youth in elementary and secondary schools which focuses on teaching healthy dating behaviors and recognizing abuse dating relationships (e.g. conflict management and anger management) as well as peer support. Evaluations have shown a reduction in psychological, physical, and sexual violence.
Bystander intervention: is a program for college and university students which focuses on changing norms related to consent and sexual violence and fostering more positive social interactions. Evaluations show reductions in violence, less acceptance of dating violence, higher confidence in ebbing able to intervene.

Question 29

What are some examples of secondary prevention?

Answer 29

Secondary version of safe dates: focuses on adolescents with abuse histories & teaching them healthy dating behaviors. Evaluations show positive protective effects
The men’s project: Changing attitudes; increasing knowledge of consent and empathy; understanding impact of violence on victims. Evaluations show changes in a attitudes/beliefs supportive of violence, decreased in associations with sexually aggressive peers

Question 30

What is criminal harassment (264 CCC)?

Answer 30

It is one of the ways that IPV can be perpetrated. The legal word for stalking that involves repeated following, communicating with, watching or threatening where the victim fears for their own safety or the safety of someone else

Question 31

What are the risk factors for stalking?

Answer 31

7% of women, 4% of men - general social survey
15-24 year olds had the highest rates - general social survey
Women slightly more likely to be stalked but also men might be less likely to fear for their safety so there’s lower reporting
University students, because of their age
30% of cases were politicians - Adams et al.
15% were physicians - Abrams & Robinson
25% for university profs - Morgan & Kavanaugh

Question 32

Correlations of stalking victimization (Can et al.)

Answer 32

Of those who reported repeated unwanted attention causing fear the correlated behavior/stats were:
Being young
women
living alone
community order (more crime in neighborhood)
victim of other crime
single
cannabis use
mental health issues

Question 33

What is RECON?

Answer 33

A typology of stalking from Mohandle et al. that depends on two factors
1) Nature of relationship (RE)
2) Context of relationship (CON)

Question 34

What are the 4 types of stalkers according to RECON?

Answer 34

Intimate (50%):
Intimate relationship with victim, current or past partner
most dangerous
most violent
mostly men

Acquaintance (13%)
Know victim, not romantic
lasts for a longer period of time
1/3 end with violence

Public Figure (27%)
No prior relationship
higher psychosis
more women perpetrators
unlikely to be violent

Private (10%)
Not a public figure and no prior relationship
High psychosis
mostly men
1/3 end in violence

Question 35

What predicts violence in stalking? (Rosenfeld)

Answer 35

Out of 1055 stalking cases, 39% ended in violence. The predictors were:
Former intimate relationship
Direct, actual threats to victim
Stalker has:
personality disorder
substance use disorder
NO psychotic disorder

Question 36

What is Cyberstalking?

Answer 36

It is a subset of stalking/harassment where one uses technology to repeatedly communicate with, harass, or threaten a target.
There are inconsistencies to the components of the definition, including
How many times?
Inclusion of fear on the part of the victim
Relationship between individuals

Question 37

What did Wilson et al. show in cyber stalking?

Answer 37

Overall there is a:
Lack of research on general population, most are university students
Lack of research on perpetration
Lack of research comparing cyberstalking to stalking

Factors that may predict cyberstalking - all in essential 8:
deviant peer associations
low self-control; engaging in risky behaviors
hours spent one (i.e. opportunity)
previous victimization/perpetration
Antisocial personality traits (i.e. psychopathy; narcissism)

Question 38

What has Blais et al. shown?

Answer 38

Factors that are significant in predicting any type of stalking:
Younger age
psychopathy (manipulation)
Grandiose narcissism
hyper sexuality

Factors not significant:
gender
relationship status
sadism
other aspects of psychopathy
hostility
alcohol use

Question 39

What should you do if you are being stalked?

Answer 39

1) contact police
2) keep a written record - date, time, place, every contact stalker has had with you
3) tell others - caregivers if you have children
4) peace bonds (i.e. restraining order) - makes it easier for police to arrest them
5) increase personal safety - remove name from buzzer; reduce social media presence; don’t tag photos with your location