MODULE 9-11 Flashcards
a branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of masses of numerical data.
STATISTICS
statistics used to describe and summarize data
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
statistics that permit inferences on whether observed sample are likely to occur in the larger population.
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
Level of Measurement
the numbers in the variable are used only to classify the data. In this level of measurement, words, letters, and alpha-numeric symbols can be used. Suppose there are data about people belonging to three different gender categories
NOMINAL level of measurement
Level of Measurement
first level of measurement; the numbers in the variable are used only to classify the data. In this level of measurement, words, letters, and alpha-numeric symbols can be used. Suppose there are data about people belonging to three different gender categories
NOMINAL level of measurement
Level of Measurement
second level measurement; depicts some ordered relationship among the variable’s observations.
ORDINAL level of measurement
Level of Measurement
third level of measurement; not only classifies and orders the measurements, but it also specifies that the distances between each interval on the scale are equivalent along the scale from low interval to high interval.
INTERVAL level of measurement
Level of Measurement
fourth level of measurement; the observations, in addition to having equal intervals, can have a value of zero as well. The zero in the scale makes this type of measurement unlike the other types of measurement, although the properties are similar to that of the interval level of measurement.
- the divisions between the points on the scale have an equivalent distance between them.
RATIO level of measurement
A. Descriptive Data Analysis
is a systematic arrangement of values from lowest to highest, together with a count of the number of times each value was obtained.
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
Measure of Central Tendency
is the most frequently occurring score value in a distribution. The mode is determined by inspecting a frequency distribution.
MODE
Measure of Central Tendency
is the point in a distribution above which and below which 50% of cases fall.
MEDIAN
Measure of Central Tendency
is the sum of all scores, divided by the number of scores – what people usually refer to as the average.
MEAN
Measure of Central Tendency
the degree to which values on a set of scores are dispersed
VARIABILITY
Measure of Central Tendency
is simply the highest score minus the lowest score in a distribution.
RANGE
Measure of Central Tendency
indicates the average amount of deviation of values from the mean.
STANDARD DEVIATION
Testing Difference between Two Group Means
can be used when there are two independent groups and when the sample is paired or dependent.
T-TEST
Testing Difference between Two Group Means
when two measures are obtained from the same subjects, or measures from paired sets of score are not independent.
PAIRED T-TEST
Testing Difference between Two Group Means
when two measures are obtained from different subjects, or measures from unpaired sets of score are independent.
UNPAIRED T-TEST
Testing Difference between Two Group Means
is the parametric procedure for testing differences between means when there are three or more groups.
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
Testing Differences between Two Group Means
a non-parametric test used to test the difference between three or more independent groups based on ranked scores
KRUSKAL-WALLIS TEST
Testing Differences in Proportions
is used to test hypotheses about the proportion of cases that fall into different categories, as when a contingency table has been created.
CHI SQUARE TEST
Testing Differences in Proportions
used to test the significance of differences in proportions
FISHER’S EXACT TEST
Testing Differences in Proportions
When the proportions being compared are from two paired groups
McNemar’s Test
Testing Correlation
calculated when two variables are measured on at least the interval scale, is both descriptive and inferential.
Pearson r
Testing Correlation
A correlation coefficient indicating the magnitude of a relationship between variables measured on the ordinal scale.
Spearman’s Rho
Testing Correlation
A correlation coefficient used to indicate the magnitude of a relationship between ordinal-level variables
Kendall’s tau
Useful for planning and scheduling research projects. They help you assess how long a research project should take, determine the resources needed, and plan the order in which you’ll complete tasks.
GANTT CHART
Goal of research proposal that is twofold:
(1) to present and justify the need to study a research problem
(2) to present the practical ways in which the proposed study should be conducted.
