MODULE 9-11

Question 1

a branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of masses of numerical data.

Answer 1

STATISTICS

Question 2

statistics used to describe and summarize data

Answer 2

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

Question 3

statistics that permit inferences on whether observed sample are likely to occur in the larger population.

Answer 3

INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

Question 4

Level of Measurement

the numbers in the variable are used only to classify the data. In this level of measurement, words, letters, and alpha-numeric symbols can be used. Suppose there are data about people belonging to three different gender categories

Answer 4

NOMINAL level of measurement

Question 5

Level of Measurement

first level of measurement; the numbers in the variable are used only to classify the data. In this level of measurement, words, letters, and alpha-numeric symbols can be used. Suppose there are data about people belonging to three different gender categories

Answer 5

NOMINAL level of measurement

Question 6

Level of Measurement

second level measurement; depicts some ordered relationship among the variable’s observations.

Answer 6

ORDINAL level of measurement

Question 7

Level of Measurement

third level of measurement; not only classifies and orders the measurements, but it also specifies that the distances between each interval on the scale are equivalent along the scale from low interval to high interval.

Answer 7

INTERVAL level of measurement

Question 8

Level of Measurement

fourth level of measurement; the observations, in addition to having equal intervals, can have a value of zero as well. The zero in the scale makes this type of measurement unlike the other types of measurement, although the properties are similar to that of the interval level of measurement.
- the divisions between the points on the scale have an equivalent distance between them.

Answer 8

RATIO level of measurement

Question 9

A. Descriptive Data Analysis

is a systematic arrangement of values from lowest to highest, together with a count of the number of times each value was obtained.

Answer 9

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

Question 10

Measure of Central Tendency

is the most frequently occurring score value in a distribution. The mode is determined by inspecting a frequency distribution.

Answer 10

MODE

Question 11

Measure of Central Tendency

is the point in a distribution above which and below which 50% of cases fall.

Answer 11

MEDIAN

Question 12

Measure of Central Tendency

is the sum of all scores, divided by the number of scores – what people usually refer to as the average.

Answer 12

MEAN

Question 13

Measure of Central Tendency

the degree to which values on a set of scores are dispersed

Answer 13

VARIABILITY

Question 14

Measure of Central Tendency

is simply the highest score minus the lowest score in a distribution.

Answer 14

RANGE

Question 15

Measure of Central Tendency

indicates the average amount of deviation of values from the mean.

Answer 15

STANDARD DEVIATION

Question 16

Testing Difference between Two Group Means

can be used when there are two independent groups and when the sample is paired or dependent.

Answer 16

T-TEST

Question 17

Testing Difference between Two Group Means

when two measures are obtained from the same subjects, or measures from paired sets of score are not independent.

Answer 17

PAIRED T-TEST

Question 18

Testing Difference between Two Group Means

when two measures are obtained from different subjects, or measures from unpaired sets of score are independent.

Answer 18

UNPAIRED T-TEST

Question 19

Testing Difference between Two Group Means

is the parametric procedure for testing differences between means when there are three or more groups.

Answer 19

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

Question 20

Testing Differences between Two Group Means

a non-parametric test used to test the difference between three or more independent groups based on ranked scores

Answer 20

KRUSKAL-WALLIS TEST

Question 21

Testing Differences in Proportions

is used to test hypotheses about the proportion of cases that fall into different categories, as when a contingency table has been created.

Answer 21

CHI SQUARE TEST

Question 22

Testing Differences in Proportions

used to test the significance of differences in proportions

Answer 22

FISHER’S EXACT TEST

Question 23

Testing Differences in Proportions

When the proportions being compared are from two paired groups

Answer 23

McNemar’s Test

Question 24

Testing Correlation

calculated when two variables are measured on at least the interval scale, is both descriptive and inferential.

Answer 24

Pearson r

Question 25

Testing Correlation

A correlation coefficient indicating the magnitude of a relationship between variables measured on the ordinal scale.

Answer 25

Spearman’s Rho

Question 26

Testing Correlation

A correlation coefficient used to indicate the magnitude of a relationship between ordinal-level variables

Answer 26

Kendall’s tau

Question 27

Useful for planning and scheduling research projects. They help you assess how long a research project should take, determine the resources needed, and plan the order in which you’ll complete tasks.

Answer 27

GANTT CHART

Question 28

Goal of research proposal that is twofold:

Answer 28

(1) to present and justify the need to study a research problem
(2) to present the practical ways in which the proposed study should be conducted.