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Respiratory Exam 3 > Module 8 (Weeks 12-13) > Flashcards

Module 8 (Weeks 12-13) Flashcards

1
Q

Module 8A: Diseases of the Nasal Cavity (Byron)

A

Module 8A: Diseases of the Nasal Cavity (Byron)

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2
Q
  • Extends from the nares to the choanae
  • Surrounded by bone and divided in half by a cartilaginous and boney septum
A

The Nasal Cavity

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3
Q

What increases the surface area of the nasal passages?

A

Scroll-loke turbinate system (nasal conchae)
- Protect the lower respiratory tract

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4
Q

Term:
Air passageways occupying the space between the nasal conchae

A

Meatii

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5
Q

What is located in the region of the ethmoturbinates and ventral nasal conchae?

A

Specialized olfactory area

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6
Q

(T/F) Diseases of nasal cavity can extend into nasopharynx and vice versa

A

True

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7
Q

Communicates with
- Frontal sinuses
- Entry for eustacian tubes in pharynx
- Caudal nasal cavity

A

Nasopharynx

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8
Q

List the causes for chronic nasal discharge:

A
  • Infectious
  • Neoplasia
  • Inflammatory
  • Foreign Body
  • Oronasal fistula
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9
Q

What is generously supplied by blood vessels and nerves that acts to increase the surface area of the nasal passages?

A

Scroll-loke turbinate-system, the nasal conchae

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10
Q

(T/F) The nose is a giant filter and humidifier

A

True

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11
Q

Where is the specialized olfactory area located?

A

ethmoturbinates and ventral nasal conchae

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12
Q

What transmits olfactory information to the brain through the cribriform plate?

A

Olfactory Nerves (Cranial Nerve I)

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13
Q

(T/F) There is no correlation between nasal disease and anorexia

A

False, animals with severe nasal disease - anorexia may result owing to their inability to smell food

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14
Q

Most of the airways, including the nasal passages and nasopharynx are covered by:

A

Mucociliary transport system
- Ciliated pseudo-columnar epithelium
- Respiratory epithelium
- serous and mucous glands

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15
Q

List the two parts the mucous layer is made up of:

A
  • Outer viscous layer
  • Inner water mucous layer
    - cilia of the respiratory epithelium are embedded in the more watery layer
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16
Q

The cilia beats in a direction toward the __________ to carry the viscous outer mucous layer with trapped particles for swallowing

A

Pharynx

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17
Q

What plays a role in the defense mechanism of the upper respiratory tract?

A

Production of local secretory immunoglobulin (IgA) by epithelial cells

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18
Q

List what the paranasal sinuses in the dog include:

A
  • Frontal sinus
  • Maxillary recess
    - is not enclosed in the maxilla, and not a true sinus
  • Sphenoidal sinus

CATS
- There are the frontal and sphenoidal sinuses

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19
Q

Term:
Is sort of a defined space that sits at the crossroads between the entry to the lower respiratory tract and the upper gastrointestinal tract

A

Nasopharynx

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20
Q

What disease in what area is often associated with reverse sneezing?

A

Nasopaharynz
- nasopharyngeal problem (foreign body, mass, etc)

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21
Q

List the most common diseases that we see causing chronic signs:

A
  • Cats: Idiopathic chronic rhinosinusitis
    - often secondary infection with FCV or FHV
  • Dogs: Lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis
    - chronic nasal discharge
  • Neoplasia in BOTH species
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22
Q

Nasopharyngeal polyps are common causes of chronic upper respiratory signs in what species?

A

Cats and kittens

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23
Q

What is an important cause of acute signs in cats and young dogs?

A

Viral rhinitis

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24
Q

(T/F) Bacterial infections are primary nasal disease

A

False, Rarely cause primary nasal disease but plays a significant role as a secondary problem

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25
Q

Fill in the Blanks:
Most commonly implicated pathogen for Fungal rhinitis …
- Dogs: ______
- Cats: _______

A
  • Aspergillus = affects the frontal sinuses
    - German Shepard Dogs and other dolichocephalic breeds may be at increased risk of fungal sinonasal disease
    - Topical therapy
  • Cryptococcus = affects the nasal cavity and leads to deformity of the bones of the nose
    - Cryptococcus is the only reason to look at a nasal swab
    - Oral therapy
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26
Q

What may indicate a possible secondary bacterial component to the nasal disease?

A

Presence of “Pus”

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27
Q

What brings a neoplastic process, coagulopathy, foreign body, fungal disease, or idiopathic chronic rhinosinusitis to the top of the differential list?

A

BLOOD

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28
Q

Term:
Snoring, sniffing, rustling, or gurgling sound that is synchronous with inspiration, expiration, or both indicating disease within the nasal cavity or nasopharynx

A

Stertor
- think Pug

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29
Q

Term:
Is a wheeze or whistling sound usually heard on the inspiration that indicates disease of the larynx

A

Stridor
- think Dark Vader

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30
Q

When can an animal have epiphora?

A

Nasolacrimal duct is obstructed

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31
Q

What is seen as a component of upper respiratory disease?

A

Cough
- from post nasal drip

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32
Q

What is something that may be more indicative of a nasopharyngeal mass?

A

Gagging or vomiting

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33
Q

(T/F) Cats with viral rhinitis, especially calicivirus can be febrile

A

True

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34
Q

Palpation of what lymph nodes are important?

A

Submandibular lymph nodes

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35
Q

What is the least sensitive method of imaging the nasal cavity and sinuses?

A

Skull Radiography/Dental Radiography
- Dorsoventral intraoral projection = both sides of the nasal cavity
- Rostrocaudal view = frontal sinuses
- Lateral skill = evidence of cribriform plate involvement

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36
Q

What is the most useful method of imaging the sinuses and nasal cavities?

A

CT

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37
Q

Instruments are measured to the level of the:

A

Medial canthus of the eye, marked by tape

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38
Q

What would be most useful to obtain large bits of tissue from masses or tumors within the nasal cavity?

A

“Traumatic Flush” method

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39
Q

(T/F) Swab and culture of the nasal mucosa and secretions is rarely of diagnostic value

A

True
- Nose acts as a giant filter

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40
Q

What is the primary benefit of nasal cytology?

A

Finding of Cryptococcus species, which should NEVER be present in the nose

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41
Q

List the most common cause of nasal disease in the cat:

A
  • Feline herpes virus-1 (FHV)
  • Feline Calicivirus (FCV)
    Cats with active disease frequently develop secondary bacterial infections and with chronicity, this may lead to osteomyelitis and destruction of the turbinates. In addition, some cats with chronic, recurrent infections can develop choanal stenosis secondary to severe inflammation and ulceration of the mucosa.
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42
Q

Cats:
What has been demonstrated to reduce the severity of clinical signs but not eliminate the virus?

A
  • Famcyclovir
  • L-lysine
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43
Q

What is the most commonly identified viral cause of nasal disease in dogs?

A

Canine distemper virus (CDV)
- Prevalence has declined with widespread vaccination

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44
Q

List the most common nasal neoplasia in the dog:

A
  • Carcinoma
  • Adenocarcinoma
  • Squamous cell carcinoma
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45
Q

Term:
- Benign inflammatory masses arising from the mucosa of the middle ear or Eustachian tube.
- They are often associated with bulla disease and may extend into the nasopharynx or the external ear canal.

A

Nasopharyngeal polyps
- Most commonly in young cats

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46
Q

(T/F) The presence of chronic disease rules out a foreign body

A

False, some foreign bodies have been found after months of clinical signs

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47
Q

Module 8B: Obstructive Diseases of the Canine and Feline Upper Airways

A

Module 8B: Obstructive Diseases of the Canine and Feline Upper Airways

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48
Q

Clinical Signs:
Stertor

Often associated with obstruction in the …

A

Nares & Nasal Cavity

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49
Q

Clinical Signs:
Reverse sneezing, swallowing, and sometimes dysphagia

Often associated with obstruction in the …

A

Nasopharynx

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50
Q

Clinical Signs:
Stridor

Often associated with obstruction in the …

A

Larynx

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51
Q

Clinical Signs:
Cough (Goose Honk) and Inspiratory effort

Often associated with obstruction in the …

A

Trachea

52
Q

Clinical Signs:
The inspiratory effort, Long Inhalation, Lack of nasal Airflow, Sucking in of thoracic inlet

Often associated with obstruction in the …

A

General Upper Airway Obstruction

53
Q

Describe the Emergency Procedures for Upper Airway Obstruction:

A
  • Immediately provide oxygen, either in a cage (preferred) or via flow-by or mask
  • Sedate if needed with butorphanol or acepromazine
  • Observe but try not to stress the patient
  • Cooling if needed (Lar Par cases, BOAS)
  • Have an endotracheal tube and Ambu bag ready if needed
  • Limited exam and delay diagnostics until more stable and calm
54
Q

What is the most common disease process, that is potentially life-threatening, in the brachycephalic breed?

A

Brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS)

55
Q

(T/F) The genetics of brachycephaly is being worked out and basically affects the boney length of the muzzle without altering the volume of soft tissue structures.

A

True

56
Q

List the major features of BOAS:

A
  • Stenotic nares
  • Soft palate hyperplasia and elongation
  • Everted laryngeal saccules
  • Tracheal hypoplasia
  • Aberrant turbinates in the nasopharynx
57
Q

Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS):
What can lead to gastroesophageal reflux, hiatal hernia, regurgitation, and esophageal dysmotility?

A

The negative pressure in the pleural space

58
Q

Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS):
What is a common complication, especially post-anesthesia, and there is evidence that these dogs experience ‘micro-aspirations’ on a daily basis?

A

Aspiration pneumonia

59
Q

List what chronic medical therapy consists of:

A
  • Keeping them cool
  • Stress-reduction
  • Gastric acid reduction
60
Q

Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS):
List the surgeries to correct abnormalities:

A
  • Alar fold resection
  • Soft palate shortening
  • Sacculectomy
61
Q

(T/F) Regurgitating Frenchie needs airway surgery, not a GI work up

A

True

62
Q

Term:
Dorsoventral flattening of the tracheal rings with stretching of the dorsal membrane in dogs

A

Tracheal Collapse
- most commonly seen in middle-aged to older toy and miniature breeds
- The collapse can occur in the cervical r thoracic trachea and may also affect the primary bronchi (bronchomalacia)
- Classic sign is a honking cough which may be intermittent and can lead to paroxysmal episodes which may become severe or life-threatening

63
Q

(T/F) Bronchomalacia alone can be seen in any size breed of dog

A

True

64
Q

Tracheal collapse:
How is diagnosis generally made?

A

Signalment and presentation, as well as ruling out other causes of cough. The history is generally chronic with progressive exercise intolerance, ‘honking’ cough, and obesity in some patients.
-> Due to the age of the animal there may be other comorbidities like mitral valve disease, but a direct relationship with tracheal collapse has not been established.

65
Q

Tracheal collapse:
What may a physical examination reveal?

A
  • Tracheal sensitivity
  • Possibly inspiratory and expiratory crackles from collapsed bronchi
  • Possible lung herniation through the thoracic inlet
66
Q

If the collapse is dynamic it might be missed depending on the phase of respiration you get in a …

A

Radiographs

67
Q

Treatment for Tracheal Collapse:

A
  • Reducing the cough
  • Improving exercise tolerance
  • Weight loss
  • Stress reduction
  • Cough suppressants
  • Steroids = may be used if the cough cannot be managed (some dogs have chronic bronchitis)
  • Antibiotics = only needed if secondary infection is suspected
  • Stenting of the trachea = only considered in cases where all medical management has been exhausted
68
Q

Term:
Is the unilateral or bilateral loss of abduction of the arytenoid cartilages during inspiration.
- recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

Laryngeal paralysis

69
Q

(T/F) Laryngeal paralysis is most commonly seen in dogs and is rarely seen in the cat

A

True

70
Q

Laryngeal paralysis:
The acquired form is most often seen in _________________ large and giant breed dogs and although not completely understood, likely is an early manifestation of a peripheral polyneuropathy or poly myopathy, however, we still call them idiopathic.

A

middle-aged to older

71
Q

Term:
refers to having an abnormal voice

A

Dysphonia

72
Q

List what obstructions of the airways may lead to:

A
  • Dysphonia
  • Stridorous breathing
  • Cough
  • Heat
  • Exercise intolerance (can’t pant)
  • Hyperthermia
  • Risk of aspiration pneumonia
73
Q

What is the definitive diagnosis of Laryngeal Paralysis?

A

A laryngeal exam under heavy sedation or light plane of anesthesia with propofol and pre-meds

74
Q

What can be given to increase respiratory effort and improve the contrast between normal and abnormal, if the animal won’t breathe at the plane of sedation?

A

Doxapram (Dopram-V)

75
Q

Describe medical management:

A
  • Weight management
  • Keeping the pet cool
  • Reducing stress
  • Exercise reduction
  • Occasionally, sedation or anti-inflammatory drugs may be needed to reduce tissue swelling
76
Q

(T/F) Surgery is generally performed when the quality of life for the dog and owner are untenable with medical management alone

A

True

77
Q

Module 8C: Noninfective Canine and Feline Pulmonary Diseases

A

Module 8C: Noninfective Canine and Feline Pulmonary Diseases

78
Q
  • Tend to be inflammatory, or fibrotic in nature
  • An aberrant reaction to an environmental factor or abnormal response to injury
  • Result in damage to the large and small airways, and eventually impacts either the aeration of alveoli or movement of oxygen across the membranes
A

NIPDs

79
Q
  • Chronic inflammatory disease that results in cough (2 months of cough on most days)
    - infectious (fungal) or non-infectious
  • Small breed dogs (Cocker spaniels, Terriers, Poodles)
  • Middle-aged to older dogs
  • It can occur in any breed
  • Inflammation of the lower airways with excessive mucus production filled with neutrophils and macrophages, edema and inflammatory infiltration of the bronchial walls, plugging of small airways with thick mucus resulting in air trapping and hyperinflation and bronchial wall malacia
  • Physical examination may be normal or an
    expiratory wheeze may be noted on auscultation.
  • Tracheal sensitivity may also be present
A

Canine Chronic Bronchitis (CCB)

80
Q

(T/F) Bronchoconstriction is an issue in dogs as much as in cats and humans

A

False, NOT an issue

81
Q

What disrupts and impedes the function of the mucociliary apparatus and prevents the mucus from being removed?

A

Inflammatory process
- These dogs may get secondary pneumonia with this failure to clear irritants and infectious agents

82
Q

List other diseases that can cause cough:

A
  • Heartworm disease
  • Lung parasites
  • Cardiac disease
83
Q

(T/F) Radiographs of CCB patients are very useful and show bronchial thickening (tramlines and donuts), and sometimes bronchiectasis (associated with more severe and long-standing disease), and possible hyperinflation

A

True
- Patchy areas of pneumonia may also be present

84
Q

What is a more definitive method of diagnosis that shows irregular mucosa, excessive mucus, and bronchomalacia?

A

Bronchoscopy
- It is not essential for diagnosis but should be considered if the diagnosis is in question

85
Q

What does the cytology of the airway reveal?

A
  • Mucus with mainly neutrophils and smaller numbers of macrophages, small lymphocytes and eosinophils
86
Q

(T/F) Bacterial culture may not be clinically significant

A

True

87
Q

List the treatment goals:

A
  • reduce inflammation
  • Limit cough
  • Improve exercise tolerance
  • Slow progression
88
Q

What is the primary treatment for CCB?

A

Glucocorticoids tapered to the lowest effective dose
- Oral (prednisone)
- Inhaled (Fluticasone)

**Cough suppressants (hydrocodone) may be helpful to improve the dog’s and owner’s quality of life, however, a balance must be struck between cough control and sedation

Goal is to improve quality of life, not completely get rid of the cough

89
Q

Why is there little evidence that bronchodilators are effective in CCB dogs?

A

Because they do not have the bronchoconstriction seen in cats and humans

90
Q

What is the most common lower airway disease in cats?

A

Feline asthma (Feline Bronchial Disease)
- Inflammatory process
- Allergen-induced eosinophilic inflammation of the bronchi
- Excessive mucus production
- Airway hyperresponsiveness
- Bronchoconstriction (mucus plugs)

91
Q

Describe the classic presentation of Feline Asthma:

A
  • Chronic moist cough
  • Young to middle-aged cat
  • Siamese
  • Wheezing (maybe)
  • Increased respiratory effort or rate
  • Radiographs can be normal in less chronic cases, but often show diffuse bronchial or bronchointerstitial pattern
  • Bronchoscopy and airway cytology may be helpful in some cases to diagnose asthma
    (similar to heartworm disease in cats)
92
Q

(T/F) Role of Mycoplasma in feline asthma is still somewhat unclear, but it may be tested for

A

True

93
Q

What must be done in order to suppress the inflammation?

A

Glucocorticoids must be given life-long even when cat is asymptomatic

94
Q

What drug is preferred, especially in overweight cats?

A

Inhaled Steroids (Fluticasone), because of lower risk of side effects like diabetes seen with systemic steroids

95
Q

Term:
Difficult, painful breathing or shortness of breath

A

Dyspneic

96
Q

What will decrease lung function over time?

A

Progressive airway remodeling

97
Q

Sudden death is a possibility in cats …

A

without treatment or from acute mucus plugging

98
Q

Term:
is an idiopathic inflammatory disease characterized by severe infiltration of eosinophils into the lung parenchyma and airways, the production of large amounts of yellow/green mucus, and bronchomalacia.

A

Eosinophilic Bronchopneumonopathy (EBP)

99
Q
  • Young adults (seen in dogs as old as 13 yrs)
  • More common in female dogs (unproven)
  • Cough (most common sign)
    • Harsh and productive w/ gagging and retching
  • Nasal discharge
  • May have exercise intolerance
  • systemically healthy
  • Pulmonary auscultation: normal or reveal crackles, wheezes, or increased lung sounds
A

Eosinophilic bronchopneumonopathy (EBP)

100
Q

EBP:
What is needed for a definitive diagnosis?

A

Cytology of airway wash
- increased total cell count and increased eosinophils as the predominant cell type

101
Q

EBP:
Treatment consists of …

A
  • Oral immunosuppressive steroids
    (Inhaled steroids have been investigated, but were found to be less effective than oral steroids)

Most dogs will respond to treatment but some will require life-long steroids and the relapse rate is around 30%

102
Q

What can affect dogs and rarely cats, but the vast majority are West Highland white Terriers or their crosses?

A

Canine Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

103
Q
  • Middle age to older dogs (8-13 years)
  • Slow chronic onset
  • Genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors
  • Uniform fibrosis of the alveolar wall of variable severity and multifocal areas of more cellular fibrosis
    - Inflammation is only mild
  • Cough and exercise intolerance (most common)
  • May have significant respiratory distress or cyanosis if severely affected
  • Serum chem and CBC are generally normal
  • Arterial blood gas will show low PaO2 and high alveolar-arterial O2 gradient
  • Median survival is 32 months (2-51m) from onset of clinical signs and 11 months (0-40m) from diagnosis
A

Canine Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (CIPF)

104
Q

What does physical examination reveal for Canine Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis?

A

Bilateral inspiratory ‘Velcro’ crackles and Wheezes
- Right-sided murmur may be heard if there is significant pulmonary hypertension

105
Q

What is something that is not necessary for diagnosis in most cases and can have significant risks associated with them?

A

Bronchoscopy

106
Q

(T/F) There are currently no effective treatments for CIPF

A

True
- Combination treatment w/ steroids and theophylline to reduce cough are advised at this time, but will not slow the disease process

107
Q

Module 8D: Pleural Effusions in Dogs and Cats

A

Module 8D: Pleural Effusions in Dogs and Cats

108
Q

List the types of pleural effusion, Based on TNCC and TP:

A
  • Transudate -> Non- degenerative neutrophils, macrophages, mesothelial cells
    • Cause = Low protein (usually albumin +/- globulin) from PLE, PLN, liver disease, CHF
    • TP = < 2.5 g/dL
    • TNCC = < 2500 cells/uL
  • Modified Transudate -> Non-degenerative neutrophils, macrophages, mesothelial cells, neoplastic cells, lymphocytes
    • Cause = CHF, Heartworm disease, pericardial tamponade, neoplasia, chyle, FIP, chylothorax, lung lobe torsion, PTE
    • TP = 2.5 - 7.0 g/dL
    • TNCC = 1000 - 7000 cells/uL
  • Exudate -> Variable cell types
    • Cause = Neoplasia, pyothorax, hemorrhage, FIP, chylothorax
    • TP = > 7.0 g/dL
    • TNCC = > 7000 cells/uL
109
Q

List the types of pleural effusion, Based on etiology:

A
  • Transudative -> changes in the hydrostatic or oncotic pressure lead to fluid shifts from the vasculature to the pleural space
  • Exudative -> Increased vascular permeability due to inflammation or neoplasia
110
Q

Normally the pressure in the pleural space is (positive/negative) ______________

A

negative (-5mmHg)

111
Q

(T/F) Pleural effusion is a clinical sign, not a diagnosis

A

True

112
Q

90% of pleural effusion in CATS is caused by:

A
  • CHF (most common, present w/ lower body temperature)
  • Neoplasia
  • Pyothorax
  • Idiopathic chylothorax
  • FIP
113
Q

Pleuropneumonia is the most common cause in …(dogs/cats/horses)

A

Horses

114
Q
  • neoplasia
  • Migrating foreign body
  • Right Heart Failure
  • Chylothorax
    Are the most common causes of pleural effusion in …
A

Dogs

115
Q

List the respiratory complaints:

A
  • Dyspnea
  • Shallow breathing
  • Open-mouth breathing
  • Cough
  • Tachypnea (abnormally rapid breathing)
  • Restlessness
  • Unwillingness to lie down
116
Q

List the basic approach to the patient with pleural effusion:

A
  • Stabilize - sedation, oxygen
  • Obtain fluid for therapy and diagnostics - thoracocentesis, Place fluid in EDTA (purple top) tube and also make slides that are fresh
  • Submit for fluid analysis/cytology, aerobic/anaerobic culture
  • Imaging (CT is best, but radiographs will do)
  • If fluid production is ongoing, the patient may need a thorocostomy tube placed
117
Q

Check serum albumin and globulin levels, and consider liver function testing (decreased albumin synthesis), if albumin is decreased, look for loss in urine and gut. Also, consider evaluation for cardiac disease or lung lobe torsion.

This fluid analysis best represents a ….

A

Transudate

118
Q

Evaluate for heart failure or pericardial disease, perform heartworm test, NT pro-BNP SNAP test in cats (heart disease), caval thrombus search with imaging, lung lobe torsion

This fluid analysis best represents a ….

A

Modified Transudate

119
Q

Common differentials include FIP (High protein, fibrin strands), neoplasia, pyothorax from a bite (esp. cats), or foreign material

This fluid analysis best represents a ….

A

Exudate

120
Q
  • Septic inflammation of the pleura
  • Pus in the pleural space
  • Patient may be febrile
  • Lots of degenerative neutrophils, bacteria
  • Bad odor, white, yellow, green, red, brown colored cloudy/opaque fluid, may have ‘Sulphur granules’
  • May be acute or more likely chronic (days to months)
A

Pyothorax
Cats
- Pasteurella multocida
- Actinomyces
- Other oral Anaerobes
- Streptococcus**
- Stapylococcus**
- Chlamydia**

Dogs
- Nocardia asteroids
- Other Anaerobes
- Streptococcus**
- Stapylococcus**
- Chlamydia**

121
Q

List the most common causes of Pyothorax in cats:

A
  • Cat bites
  • Systemic infection
122
Q

List the most common causes of Pyothorax in dogs:

A
  • Inhaled or penetrating foreign body migration
  • Penetrating trauma
123
Q

What is the treatment for Pyothorax?

A
  • Mediacal -> Broad spectrum antibiotics for 4-6 wks at least
  • Placement of thoracostomy tubes (chest tubes) for intermittent drainage
  • Surgical drainage and resection of necrotic tissue/abscesses, most common to perform in the dog, less frequent in cats

Prognosis
- Guarded to good
- Dogs: 83% survival
- Cats: 62% survival
- Better if survive the first 48h

124
Q
  • Lymphatic fluid leaking into pleural space
  • Obstruction of the thoracic duct or of thoracic lymphatic drainage
  • White to pink milky fluid
  • *High in protein, triglycerides/chylomicrons (‘cram cap’)
  • Triglycerides 2X greater than serum or > 100 mg/dL
  • Variable cell count, mostly small lymphocytes
A

Chylothorax
Diagnosis
- Evaluate for cardiac disease, especially in cats
- Imaging to look for neoplasia
- Heartworm testing

125
Q

What is the treatment of Chylothorax?

A
  • Treat underlying disease if found
  • Chyle is very irritating and leads to pleural thickening and lung entrapment
    - Like Shrink Wrap on the lungs
    - Eventually, restrict breathing
  • Some idiopathic cases will spontaneously resolve
  • Surgical -> Thoracic duct ligation and partial pericardectomy
  • Medical -> Low fat diet, Rutin
    - Benzopyrone
126
Q
  • Effusion that has a PCV > 20% or is at least 50% of the blood PCV
  • Trauma, Neoplasia, Rodenticide Toxicity (ask the owner about exposure)
  • Check PT/PTT before tapping chest if it is suspected
  • May only need to tap once if the bleeding stops
A

Hemothorax

127
Q
  • Clear to cloudy, yellow fluid
  • High fluid protein (globulin), variable cell number
  • Lots of fibrin
  • More common in younger cats. than other causes of effusion
  • High serum globulin
A

FIP - Feline Infectious Peritonitis
- Poor Prognosis
- limited to tapping chest as needed, giving steroid, supportive care

Respiratory Exam 3 (3 decks)

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