Module 8 Non-infectious Diseases Causes and Effects Flashcards
Causes for Genetic Diseases
Gene or chromosomal abnormalties caused by point or chromosomal mutations.
How do mutations occur?
Errors in gamete formation, or exposure to mutagens.
Examples of Genetic Diseases
Down syndrome (chromosomal abnormalty), Cystic fibrosis (single gene disorder).
Causes for Environmental Diseases
Interaction with the environment and exposure to physical factors such as radiation, harmful or toxic chemicals (e.g. toxic metals or noxious gases).
Exaples of Environmental Diseases
Minamata (ingestion of large amounts of mercury), Mesothelioma (cancer as a result of asbestos exposure).
Causes for Nutritional Diseases
Issues with diet, problems with digestion, consumption of incorrect amounts of specific foods.
Examples of Nutritional Diseases
Scurvy, Type 2 Diabetes
Causes for Cancer
Infectious agents, genetic disorders, exposure to mutagenic factors in the environment, and lifestyle habits.
Examples of Cancer
Cervical cancer (HPV exposure), Breast Cancer (BRCA1/2 gene), Melanoma (sun exposure), Lung Cancer (from smoking).
What is cancer?
A disease in which abnormal cells grow in an uncontrollable manner.
Cancerous cells are able to: (5 things)
Replicate indefinately, evade growth suppressors in the body, resist cell death, induce increased blood flow to the tumour site (angiogensis), invade other tissues and metastasise.
What does it mean by metastasise?
Invade or spread around the body, leading to further progression of the disease.
What is tumorigenesis?
When cancerous cells begin to grow and divide uncontrollably they create tumours.
Type 2 Diabetes: Description
Body becomes resistant to insulin, and gradually becomes unable to produce it. Leads to build up of glucose in the blood, damaging body systems. Causes by genetic factors, lifestyle and diet factors.
Type 2 Diabetes: Incidence
Number of people with diabetes has quadrupled over the past 30 years.
Predicted increase in adults with diabetes between 2010 and 2030 is 20% in developed countries and 69% in developing countries.
Type 2 Diabetes: Prevalence
1 in 11 adults aged 20-79 y/o had diabetes in 2015 (90% of cases were Type 2)
Expected to rise to 642 million by 2040.
China and India are top two countries of prevalence.
Type 2 Diabetes: Mortality Rates
Causes 5 million deaths per year.
Expected to become the 7th most common cause of death globally by 2030.
Melanoma: Description
Develops from a mutation of melanocytes.
Caused by exposure to UV raditation.
Melanoma: Incidence
Worldwide: 351,880 new cases in 2015.
Australia: 14,320 new cases in 2018.
Melanoma: Mortality
Worldwide: 59,782 deaths in 2015.
Australia: 1,905 deaths in 2012
