MODULE 8. NON-INFECTIOUS DISEASE AND DISORDERS Flashcards
define homeostasis
the process by which the body maintains a constant internals environment
why is homeostasis important
as many reactions inside the body only work under certain conditions, regardless of a changing outside environment
what is the stimulus and response model
the body’s way of detecting change in its external or internal environment and reacting accordingly
what is the two stages in homeostasis
detecting changes
counteracting changes
what is the control centre in the body
hypothamolus and spine
what is the control centre responsible for in the body
The control centre (brain (hypothamolus) and spine) is responsible for maintain fluctuations around the set point, receives information from the receptors about a change in a condition either too far above or below the set point
definition thermoregulation
the internal regulation of an animals body temperature
is endotherms warm or cold blooded?
warm
e.g. endotherms
humans
endotherms
Largely create our heat by adjusting processes in our bodies
o Rely mainly on physiological sources
is endotherms warm or cold blooded?
cold
what do endotherms reply on
Rely on external sources of temperature to heat up or cool down
o Depend solely on the environment
e.g. ectotherms
lizards
how does glucose provide energy
- food broken down
- release glucose that passes through the small intestine and into the blood stream
- glucose gets respired by cells where it is broken down into ATP
what happens if glucose moves outside of a healthy ranmge
it will trigger a homeostatic response to maintain a constant internal environment
when is a person likely to suffer from hypoglycaemia
after exercise
what is blood glucose levels monitored by
pancreas
what hormone is released when BGL is low
glucagon
what is glucagon
peptide hormone released by alpha cells that help increase BGL
what hormone is released when BGL is high
insulin
what is insulin
peptide hormone released by beta cells that help decrease BGL
what does the nervous system allow for
the nervous system allows organism to take information from the environment and respond by passing information around the body through a network of neural pathways
what does the central nervous system do
coordinates/gathers information from all over the body and coordinates
What does the peripheral nervous system
the neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body
what is the somatic portion of the peripheral nervous system
voluntary and conscious portion of the nervous system
what is the somatic portion of the nervous system made up of
- Made up of nerves that connect to: skin, sensory organs, skeletal muscles
what is the function of somatic portion of the peripheral nervous system
o Processing sensory information that arrives via external stimuli (hearing, touch, sight)
o Controlling your skeletal muscles, aka the muscles which allow voluntary movement (e.g. walking, lifting an object)
what is the autonomic portion of the peripheral nervous system
Involuntary, unconscious portion of the nervous system
what is the autonomic portion of the peripheral nervous system made up of
- Made up of nerves that connect : cardiac muscle in the heart, smooth muscle in the organs
function of the autonomic portion of the peripheral nervous system
o Controlling heart rate, digestion, salivation, sweating, pupil diameter etc.
what are neurons
functional units of the nervous system which carry signals throughout the body
list the structures within neurons
BDAMS cell body dendrites axons myclein sheath synpatic knobs
what are the different types of neurons
sensory neurons
motor neurons
interneruron
what does sensory neurons do
carry electrical impulses from receptors to the central nervous system
- Long dendrites to receive sensory information from receptors
what does motor neurons do
Transmit electrical impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles, organs and glands
- Long axon to send sensory information to effector cells
what does inter neurons do
INTERNEURON = Transmit electrical impluses between sensory and motor neurons
- Many dendrites to carry nerve impulses from sensory neurons to the cell body
- Many, short axons to carry nerve impulses from the cell body to motor neurons
what is the endocrine system
a group of glands which secrete hormones
where is the hypothamulus located
in the brain
what does the hypothamulus do
- Controls many metabolic processes, including thermoregulation
- Determines whether optimal conditions are being maintained
what are 2 hormones released from the hypothamulus
TRH (thryotropin releasing hormone)
–> triggers the release of TSH
ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
–> increases water absorption into the blood from the kidneys
where is the pituitary gland located
brain
what does the pituitary gland do
- Releases several hormones to regulate th secretion of hormones from other glands
what are some hormones released by (anterior & posterior) pituitary glands
• Anterior pituitary gland – regulates the production of:
- TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone)
- Growth hormone
- FSH
• Posterior pituitary gland - regulates the production of:
- ADH (Antidiuretic hormone)
whewre is the pineal gland located
brain
what hormones are released by the pineal gland
• Mealtonin
- Helps to control circadian rhythms (our 24hr biological cycles) and regulates some reproductive hormones
- Regulated by light levels
where is the thyroid gland located
around the neck, alongside the parathyroid gland
what are hormones released by the thyroid
- T4 (Thyroxine)
* T3 (Tri-iodothyronine)
where is the pancreas
- Found behind the stomach
what does the pancreas do
controll BGL
what are hormones released by the pancreas
insulin
glucagon
what does the adrenal gland do
ADRENAL
- Help the body respond to stress and control your blood pressure
what hormones are release d by the adrenal gland
Aldosterone
- Found in the adrenal cortex
Adrenaline
Noradrenaline
what does the gonads do
- Help the body respond to stress and control your blood pressure
what are hormones released by the gonads
Progestorne – Ovaries Estrogen – Ovaries - Promote healthy development of female sex characteristics in puberty - Encourage fertility Testosterone – testes - Involved in masuline development
what are xerophytes
plants that have adapted to survive in arid regions e.g. eucalyptus
how does the closed stomata allow water balance to be maintained
- Achieved by increasing the amount of water in the guard cells so that they swell up and close the gap
- Plants will close their stomata when it is hottest (e.g. midday) and leave them open at all other times
- Allows the leaf to maximise photosynthesis whilst minimising water loss
causes of genetic diseases
altered or incorrect expression of a gene that causes disease is passed on
e.g.s of genetic diseases
cystic fibrosis
colour blindness
down syndrome
haemophilia
two types of diseases that are caused by environmental exposure
Hypersensitivity reactions:
The overreaction of the immune system in response to antigens in the environment E.G. Allergies
Genetic Disorders:
The risk of spontaneous mutations in genes is increased in response to mutagens (mutagens=can cause damage to DNA).
what is malnutrition
a defiency, imbalance, or excess of carbs, fats, proteins, vitamins and minerals
what occurs when an individual suffers from undernutrition
- Stunting (low height)
- Wasting ( low weight for height)
- Underweight (low weight for age)
- Micronutrient deficiencies
what occurs when an individual suffers from overnutrition
- Obesity
- Diet-related non-infectious diseases E.G. diabetes, stroke, cancer, CVD
what is cancer
= A group of disease that involve unregulated and abnormal cell growth and division
what is cancer caused by
o Cancer can be caused by random mutations OR environmental agents
what is a carinogen
cancer-causing agent E.G. Tobacco smoke (causing lung cancer) & UV radiation (causing skin cancer)
what is epidemiology
EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the distribution, patterns and causes of disease in a population.
what is prevalence
PREVALENCE = the number of living people diagnosed with a disease at a given time.
what is incidence
INCIDENCE = the number of new cases of a disease diagnosed within a specific time periods
what is mortality
MORTALITY= the number of deaths occurring as a result of the disease during a specific time period.
what is lungcancer
the leading cause of cancer related death in AUD
incidence of lung cancer
12,700 cases/year
morality of lung cancer
9000deaths/year
risk factors of lung cancer:
smoking
radiotherapy
asbestos
air pollution
what are conventional cancer treatments
chemo
radiotherapy
surgery
what does chemo to treat cancer involve
Involves administering drugs which target and kill rapidly multiplying cells.
o Also destroys healthy cells are also destroyed by chemotherapy and this can have a terrible effect on a patient’s health and wellbeing
what does radiotherapy to treat cancer involve
= involves using high doses of high energy radiation to kill cancer cells present in a tumour.
o The radiation achieves this by damaging the DNA inside of the cancer cells
o Radiotherapy doesn’t specifically target cancer cells hence it can also cause damage to healthy cells
what does surgery to treat cancer involve
= to physically remove a tumour from the body
o Can be very difficult to ensure that all cancer cells have been eliminated
o There are risks to surgical procedures include infection and prolonged recovery time
what is the potential future interest in treating cancer
immunotherapy
why is immunotherapy being looked into for cancer treatment
*Although conventional cancer treatments are often able to successfully remove primary tumours, they have lots of side effects and people who have received them often suffer from relapse.
what is immunotherapy
IMMUNOTHERAPY = A type of treatment that harnesses the immune system in order to fight diseases such as cancer.
what are the two types of immunotherapy
passive
active
what does passive immunotherapy involve
involves the administration of agents that are otherwise a natural component of the immune system in order to enhance a patient’s existing anti-cancer response.
Agents include antibodies or T lymphocytes
E.G. Monoclonal Antibodies (mAbs)
what does active immunotherapy involve
Active immunotherapy = attempts to stimulate the patient’s own immune system to attack cancer cells.
E.G. of active immunotherapy include cancer vaccines and targeting specific antigen receptors using cytokines.
E.G. Preventative cancer vaccines vaccines for human papillomavirus (causes cervical cancer) and hepatis B virus (causes liver cancer)
what are the types of epidemiological studies
- Analytical studies, which aim to test a specific hypothesis
- Descriptive studies which aim to determine patterns in the way a disease is distributed
- Intervention studies, which aim to measure the effectiveness and safety of a health intervention
what are the positives of epidemiological studies
They identify:
- Cause(s) of disease
- Emerging patterns and issues
- Inequalities between different groups, which can be defined according to gender, age or economic status
NEGATIVES of epidemiological studies
They fail to:
- Provide a holistic view of health, as its primarily focuses on physical health
- Explain sociocultural factors that contribute to negative health behaviours
- Explain why health inequalities exist between different groups
what are the benefits of epidemiology to the government
Based on epidemiological information, we can determine priority areas of concern. This information is then used to inform the management of disease and to improve methods of prevention and control
• Governments used epidemiological information to help construct public health campaigns
how can epidemiology benefit individuals
Individuals can benefit from the public health campaigns that are implemented
Individuals are benefited as they may become more aware of their health or receive increased health updates that they wouldn’t have otherwise
what does educational programs and campaigns do
EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS AND CAMPAIGNS use strategies to provide information and educate the population about the effects of a disease and the risk factors that increase the chance of developing that disease.
what does successful public health campaigns include
Successful public health campaigns have:
- An evidence base for action
- A package of a limited number of high priority evidence based interventions
- Effective performance management with real-time monitoring, evaluation and program improvement partnerships between the public and private sectors
- Communication of accurate information to healthcare workers and the public
- Political commitment
what is an e.g. of a public health campaign
quit smokign
effectiveness of QUIT campaign
Smoking remains the leading preventable cause of death in the Australian population, with 15500 smoking-related deaths each year.
The QUIT campaign was introduced to reduce the prevalence of smoking-related diseases in the population.
Lung cancer is a smoking-related disease
Studies have shown a clear link between cigarette smoking and reduced life expectancy
• Studied comparing smokers and non-smokers show that smokers have a 10 times greater chance than non-smokers of dying from lung cancer,
• Studies show the more cigarettes a person smokes a day, the greater the incidence of lung cancer.
• Studies show the longer a person has smoked, the greater chance of developing lung cancer
• Studies showing the decrease in smoking prevalence due to the QUIT campaign and other government strategies.
what ability does genetic engineering provide
The ability to manipulate genes has enabled us to devise a number of ways to prevent certain non-infectious diseases/disorders.
