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YL1: Neuroscience > Module 8 - New > Flashcards

Module 8 - New Flashcards

1
Q

usual and most common
usual manifestation of parkinson’s disease

A

Hyposmia

Patients with Parkinson’s Disease sometimes
testing for the olfaction is the most variant test kasi
hyposmia is the most common manifestation in
Parkinson’s disease. Minsan hindi nila naamoy yung mhga
bagay bagay.

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2
Q

Carries signal from hippocampus to
mamillary bodies and septal nuclei

A

Fornix

Lesion: Memory impairment

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3
Q

Is the “gateway” to the cerebral cortex

A

Thalamus

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4
Q

You suspected a patient with RIGHT defective hearing loss, upon doing the WEBER’s test, the patient hears the sound louder on the RIGHT ear. What does this mean?

a. the patient has normal hearing
b. the patient has conductive hearing loss
c. the patient has sensorineural hearing loss

A

b. the patient has conductive hearing loss

Conductive hearing loss = defective ear hears tuning
fork sound louder

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5
Q

________ one of the substances in garlic can be
smelled at very low concentration showing the remarkable
sensitivity of olfactory receptors

A

Methyl marcaptan

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6
Q

produce antidiuretic hormone (ADH, Vasopressin)

A

Supraoptic nucleus

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7
Q

Weber Test Procedure

A

Before the procedue, know which ear is defective

  1. Place tuning fork in the middle of the Px’s forehead,
    or on top of head equi-distant from px’s ears.
  2. Px must report which ear the sound is heard louder
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8
Q

Responsible for the connection to
the limbic system.It is purely for emotions.

A

anterior nuclear group

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9
Q

In testing for olfactory impairments, the following should be done EXCEPT:

A. Test the nostrils one at a time

B. Place the subtance in opaque/colored vial

C. Allow the patient to open his eyes during test

D. Use mild smelling stimuli such as bath soaps, orange peels, coffee, and mint;

E. Avoid strong smelling stimuli because these will
stimulate the nociceptors of the Trigeminal Nerve.

A

C.

You should ask the patient to close his eyes during the examination

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10
Q

produce Oxytocin

A

Paraventricular nucleus

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11
Q

short term memory to long term memory

A

hippocampus

Lesion: Can’t build new memories; everything new the px
experiences fades away but old memories before damage are
untouched

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12
Q

Px comes to you “Doctor, 10 mins ago
ngumiwi yung left side ko; mas mahina po tong
arms ko kaysa sa face ko.” What arterial territory
affected?

A
  • Middle cerebral artery
  • Contralateral weakness face and arm > leg
  • Somatic motor area
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13
Q

Px would tell you “Dr. di ko makita yung
sa kanan banda taas”. What arterial territory
affected?

A
  • posterior cerebral artery
  • Homonymous hemianopsia with macular sparing Contralateral achromatopsia
  • Occipital Lobe (Visual)
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14
Q

Rinne test

A
  1. Place 512Hz (high frequency tuning fork) against px’s
    mastoid bone
  2. Ask px when sound is no longer heard
  3. Once px signals that there is no more sound, place
    the still vibrating tuning fork 1-2cm from the auditory
    canal
  4. Ask px again if they can still hear the tuning fork
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15
Q

Lesions central to cochlear nuclei

A

(affects both ears)
BILATERAL DEAFNESS (because CENTRAL PATHWAYS
are bilateral)

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16
Q

Lesions of cochlear nuclei (or cochlear nerve)

a. UNILATERAL DEAFNESS
b. BILATERAL DEAFNESS

A

A.

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17
Q

Humans can recognize how many odors?

A

more than 10,000 different odors

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18
Q

is responsible for motor function

A

Lateral nuclear group

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19
Q

Recognition/ recollection memory

A

Mamillary Body

Lesion: Amnesic syndromes

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20
Q

All sensory info going to the brain has to make a pit stop at
the thalamus in order to be relayed appropriately EXCEPT

A

Olfactory

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21
Q
  • Triad: dementia, steppage gait/ataxia, sphincteric incontinence
  • Px may complain of bifrontal or bioccipital headaches
  • frontal lobe disorder of mentation or of gait
  • Slowness of mental response (abulla), inattentiveness, distractibility, preservation, and inability to plan activity or to sustain any type of complex cognitive function are characteristic
A

CHRONIC HYDROPCEPHALUS (OCCULT)

  • Misnomer since CSF pressure is elevated episodically when
    measured over time (pressure may wax and wane)
  • Affects usually elderly patients.
  • In most cases the cause is unknown
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22
Q

Lateral geniculate body and Medial geniculate body are parts of

A. DORSAL THALAMUS

B. METATHALAMUS

C. PITUITARY

A

B. METATHALAMUS

Take note!! may dalawang part sa dorsal thalamus which
is really not part of the dorsal thalamus which are the
MEDIAL GENICULATE BODY and the LATERAL
GENICULATE BODY. They are part of the
MetathalamusREMEMBER THAT!

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23
Q

fears, anxiety, pleasant and unpleasant

A

amygdala

Lesion: Social and emotional deficits

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24
Q

Which ossicular bone rocks in and out, causing the oval window
to create pressure waves within the Perilymph of the
scala vestibuli

A

Stapes

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25
Q

vestibular organs for linear?

A

Utricle and saccule

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26
Q

Which part of diencephalon is responsible for melatonin- sleep-wake cycle

A

Epithalamus

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27
Q

Eye velocity compensates for head velocity

A

Vestibulo-ocular reflex
▪ Eye velocity compensates for head velocity

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28
Q

Gravity abd other linear accelerations

A

Otoliths

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29
Q

Cingulate Gyrus

A
  • NEUROPATHIC PAIN
    and NOCICEPTION, Autonomic function (heart rate, BP,
    cognitive, and attention processing)
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30
Q

Which structure in CNS is responsible for conscious perception of smell

A

Frontal cortex

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31
Q

What is the formula for the Cerebral Perfusion
Pressure? _________

A

CPP=MAP-ICP

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32
Q

Responsible for the bsorption of CSF and thought to act as functional valves that permit unidirectional “bulk flow” of CSF into the vascular lumen

A

arachnoid villi

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33
Q

Lesion in lateral medulla with symptoms of Vertigo, nystagmus, vomiting, ipsilateral facial
numbness and dysmetria, Horner’s syndrome

A

PICA

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34
Q

Tests for increased ICP?

A

Brudzinki’s and Kernig’s tests

KERNIG’S SIGN

• With the Pt supine as for the straight-knee leg-
raising test, keep the knee flexed and flex the limb

at the hip. When the thigh reaches the vertical
position, gently, gently straighten the knee. The Pt
will wince with pain, and the reflex hamstring
spasm will prevent further straightening of the
knee

BRUDZINKI’S SIGN
• In Pts with suspected meningeal irritation, test for
nuchal rigidity and concomitant leg flexion (Brudzinski’s sign)
• When testing for nuchal rigidity, watch for
adduction and flexion of the legs

• Flexion of the neck places tension on the
entire cord and roots. Flexion of the legs
reduces stretch on nerve roots

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35
Q

In Rinne Test, if the result is BC > AC what does it mean?

A

ABNORMAL HEARING
BC > AC
Px not able to hear after mastoid placement test. There is
something inhibiting passage of sound waves from the ear
canal, thru middle ear apparatus and into the cochlea (i.e.,
conductive hearing loss)
*In sensorineural hearing loss, both AC and BC are BOTH
diminished. Px usually can hear better on the mastoid process
than air process, but indicate the sound has stopped much
earlier than the conductive loss patients.
(In conductive hearing loss, yung air process lang yung hindi
na naririnig pero yung mastoid placement, rinig parin. Pero sa
sensorineural, pwedeng parehong air process and mastoid
placement process yung hindi na naririnig OR pwede marinig
yung sa mastoid placement process pero masyadong maikli
yung time ng pandinig compared sa normal)

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36
Q

CSF CIRCULATION

(LIT AF)

A

LIT AF:

Lateral v. > interventricular foramina of Monro >
Third V. > Aqueduct of Sylvius > Fourth Ventricle >
Foramen of Luschka (lateral) and Magendie (medial) >
Subarachnoid space > Arachnoid villi

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37
Q

Px comes in complaining, “Doc, 3 hrs ago
naka-experience ako mag-weaken yung right leg
ko“ What arterial territory affected?

A
  • Anterior Cerebral Artery
  • Contralateral weakness leg and foot > arm
  • Mesiofrontal region bilateral
38
Q
  • The complete circle is seen in only 20 – 25% of individuals (Normal variants)
  • One or both Pcom’s are hypoplastic in 34%
  • The precommunicating segment of ACA (A1) may be absent or hypoplastic (25%)
  • Bilateral hypoplastic P1 segments (11%)
  • Important in MRI and CT angio; know what are the normal variants
A

Circle of Willis

39
Q

most accepted explanation of how
emotions occur

A

Papez circuit

hippocampal formation > mamillary body > anterior nuclei of thalamus > gyrus cinguli > hippocampal formation….

40
Q

Correct pathway for auditory?

A

cochlear nerve synapse to dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei > decussate in trapezoid body > ascend to lateral lemniscus > into brachium of inferior colliculus > Medial Geniculate Body > Internal Capsule > Primary Auditory Cortex

41
Q

Which structure is beneath the dorsal thalamus and lies between the optic chiasm and the mammillary bodies

A

Hypothalamus

42
Q

Ipsilateral dysmetria, hearing loss, Horner’s syndrome

A

AICA

43
Q

Helps regulate behaviors like eating and reproduction

A

Limbic sysem with inputs via fornix

44
Q

Parts of Limbic Lobes

*COPS*

A

Cingulate gyrus

Orbitofrontal cortex

Parahippocampal gyrus

Subcallosal gyrus - depression

45
Q

CSF is produced by the

A

Choroid plexus

46
Q

Functions include the following:
• Control of the autonomic nervous system
• Control of emotional responses
• Regulation of body temperature
• Regulation of hunger and thirst sensations
• Control of behavior
• Regulation of sleep-wake cycles
• Control of the endocrine system
• Formation of memory

A

Hypothalamus

47
Q

Expect behavioral problems if this area is damaged or affected
due to trauma because of the orbitofrontal cortex lesion

A

Orbitofrontal Cortex*
- Function: Required for decision making

OTHERS:

Entorhinal Cortex
- Function: Important memory and associative
components
Piriform Cortex
- Function: Relates to olfactory system

48
Q

Which structure in CNS is responsible for odor memory

A

Hippocampus

49
Q

two important semipermeable barriers that protect the
brain and spinal cord from potentially harmful
substances while permitting gases and nutrients to
enter the nervous tissue

A

Biochemically, the BCB is permeable to water-soluble
substances but not to liposoluble substances such as
anesthetics, psycho-active drugs, and analgesics

• The BBB, on the other hand, is generally permeable to
liposoluble substances (mol. Weight < 500 daltons) but
not to water-soluble substances

50
Q

Signs: Quadriplegia, horizontal gaze paralysis, bifacial paralysis

Locked in syndrome

Lesion: Lower Pons

A

Basilar Artery

51
Q

Relay station of audition, Receive fibers from inferior colliculus, Projects to auditory area via acoustic radiation

A

Medial Geniculate Body (MGB)

M=MUSIC

52
Q

demonstrated that the bilateral removal of the temporal lobes in monkeys—including the amygdala and the hippocampal formation, as well as the non-limbic temporal cortex produced an
extreme behavioral syndrome

A

Kluver and Bucy

This is not common to human

53
Q

Oxytocin and ADH are produced in hypothalamus but secreted in

A

posterior lobe of hypophysis

54
Q

Which part of the ventricular system contains
choroid plexus?
a. Cerebral aqueduct
b. Frontal horn
c. Interventricular foramen
d. Occipital horn
e. Third ventricle

A

E

55
Q

____ pain fibers found in olfactory membrane

A

trigeminal

• They are stimulated by irritating substances
• Are responsible for initiating sneezing, lacrimation and
other reflex responses.

So everybody asked you to test CN I. Diba sinasabi
naming sa inyo wag yung mga strong stimulant because it
will also stimulate the Trigeminal nerve. Because many
trigeminal nerve fibers are also found in the olfactory
membrane. So kapag yung mga irritating substances,
kapag gagamitin natin, It will only not stimulate CN I but
also stimulate CN V. that is the reason why ayaw natin ng
malalakas na substances katulad ng mga perfume, yung
alcohol, we don’t want that because it’s irritating.

56
Q

Connects to the limbic system (amygdala and hippocampus)

A

Median striae

So kunyare, diba may ibang tao na sobrang ‘Ay ayoko
nung amoy nay yun ang baho!’ pero sa ibang tao hindi
mabaho diba. So that is why ganun yung perception
natin the smell of things.. Kasi there is the
component..there is the limit component sa mga
naamoy natin. Ok so that is the function of the Medial
striae.

57
Q

site for seizures (may be preceded by
hallucination of disagreeable odors, reflecting olfactory
function)

A

Temporal lobe seizures propagate to the other parts and since
ang pinakamalapit sa temporal lobe ay olfactory cortex, affected
agad ito pag nagkalesion sa temporal lobe

58
Q

controls body temp

A

Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus

59
Q

When the hair cells move away, the direction of the
kinocilum, the potassium channel will close and the
calcium channel will also follow. There is no aspartate and
glutamate that will be released in the hair cells therefore it
will _______ the vestibular system therefore it will be
inhibited.

A

hyperpolarize

60
Q

What makes olfactory pathway different from other cranial nerves?

A

It oes not pass through thalamus. mucous membrane, the stimulant will go to the receptors and then it will go up to the Cribriform plate. Then it will synapse with the mitral cells and the tufted cells (sa may loob na to ng olfactory bulb) which will form the glomeruli and then this glomeruli will synapse with the Granule releasing glutamate then going to the olfactory cortex.

61
Q

When you ride a rollercoaster, even you close your eyes, you will know what direction you are spinning. This is because of?

A

Semicircular canals

62
Q

white part of the thalamus.

A

Interthalamic adhesion

63
Q

A condition in which there is ventricular enlargement
under tension as a result of an obstruction to the flow
at CSF at some point in the ventricular pathway

o Aqueduct of Sylvius
o Medullary foramens of exit (Luschka and
Magendie)
o Basal subarachnoid space

A

HYDROCEPHALUS

64
Q

Rate of CSF production per day: ____
Site of CSF production: ____
Site of CSF absorption: ____

A

500ml/day

Choroid plexus

Arachnoid villi

65
Q

Distorted sense of smell

A

Anosmia – absence of sense of smell
Hyposmia – diminished olfactory sensitivity
Dysosmia – distorted sense of smell (usually psychiatric patients)

66
Q

In ______ acceleration, when there is movement of cupula/ cupula displacement, there will be ______. It matters
kung ano ang maactivated which is right or left. Pero ang ____,
unlike the haircells, wala siyang inhibition. Everytime it
moves, it always have depolarization.

A

Angular, depolarization, cupula

67
Q

ALL these have NO protection or BBB Except

A. Vascular Organ of the Lamina Terminalis
B. Area postrema
C. Median eminence
D. Pineal body
E. Posterior pituitary
F. Subfornicial organ

G. NONE OF THE ABOVE

H. ALL OF THE ABOVE

A

H. ALL OF THE ABOVE

AREPECIALIZED AREAS WITHOUT BBB

68
Q

is responsible for sensory

A

Medial Nuclear Group

69
Q
  • Ultimate drainage of superior sagittal sinus? _____
  • Decreased CPP is caused by ___ ICP?
  • Vertebral arteries unite to form what artery? _____
  • Volume of CSF produced per day? _____
  • Vertebral artery enters the skull through the ____
  • Immediate drainage of inferior sagittal sinus? _____
A
  • Internal Jugular Vein
  • Increased
  • Basilar Artery
  • 150mL
  • Foramen magnum
  • Straight sinus
70
Q

Contralateral weakness of leg and arm,
hemisensory loss, ipsilateral tongue paralysis

LESION: Medulla and cervical spinal cord

A

Vertebral Artery

71
Q

Three nuclear group is divided by

A

divided by internal medullary lamina

  • anterior, lateral and medial nuclear group
72
Q

controls blood pressure

A

Medial Preoptic Nucleus – controls blood pressure

73
Q

Lumbar puncture: lie on a lateral decubitus position
and insert spinal needle at ______; normal __mmHg

A

L3-L4, 8mmHg

Importance: safe site for spinal tap/lumbar puncture; dito rin
pinakamarami ang CSF (Again, ilang ml nga ang meron sa area na
ito? 30ml of CSF)

74
Q

In Rinne test, if the result is AC > BC what does it mean?

A

Normal hearing. Px should be able to hear tuning fork next to the pinna after they can no longer hear it when placed against the mastoid

75
Q

Postural changes in response to vestibular signals

A

Vestibulospinal reflex
▪ Postural changes in response to vestibular signals

76
Q

they cannot tell what’s wrong with them so lethargy is
one of the manifestations; sunset sign. Common in children. In children There is frontal bossing and the skull tends to be
brachiocephalic. With marked enlargement of the skull, the face looks relatively small and pinched and the skin over the cranial bones is tight and thin, revealing prominent
distended veins

A

CHRONIC HYDROCEPHALUS (CONGENITAL)

77
Q

Dorsal thalamus, Metathalamus, Epithalamus, Subthalamus, Hypothalamus are collectively called as

A

Diencephalon

  • It has numerous connections
  • Forms the center core of the forebrain
  • Surrounded by the cerebral hemispheres
  • Composed of three paired structures:

▪ Thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

  • Border the third ventricle
  • Primarily composed of gray matter
  • What does it mean? The Gray matter is composed of cell

bodies. White matter is composed of axons and dendrites.
So it means, siya yung nagrerelay ng information because
it consists of cell bodies.

78
Q

Which striae in olfactory pathway is not found in all humans?

A

Intermediate stria (function is unknow). All humans have medial and lateral stria.

79
Q

You suspected a patient with RIGHT defective hearing loss, upon doing the WEBER’s test, the patient hears the sound better on the LEFT ear. What does this mean?

a. the patient has normal hearing
b. the patient has conductive hearing loss
c. the patient has sensorineural hearing loss

A

c. the patient has sensorineural hearing loss

Sensorineural hearing loss = normal ear hears tuning
fork sound better (indicates sensorineural hearing
loss on the other (defective) ear

80
Q

Ipsilateral limb ataxia, vertigo, nystagmus, dysarthria, gait ataxia

lesion involving dorsolateral upper brainstem, cerebellum, superior cerebellar peduncle

A

SCA

81
Q

each Glomerulus can
be stimulated by how many stimuli?

A

one

82
Q

Triad: Ptosis, Anhidrosis, Miosis

A

Horner’s syndrome

83
Q

Which structure in CNS is responsible for motivational and emotional aspect

A

Hypothalamus and amygdala

84
Q

Kahit sirain mo yung cortical areas ng animals, meron
pa rin daw silang emotion. Which theory?

A

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotions

85
Q

angular accelerations

A

Semicircular canals

86
Q

45F comes to your clinic with severe headache and backace, nausea, fever, photophobia and phonophobia and with altered mental status. What is your clinical impression?

A

MENINGITIS

Presence of the triad: Fever, focal neurologic signs, nuchal rigidity

with altered mental status

OTHER CNS INFECTIONS:

  • Meningitis: leptomeninges and CSF spaces
  • Ventriculitis: ventricular system
  • Encephalitis: gray and white matter of the brain
  • Myelitis: spinal cord
87
Q

_________ frequency traveling waves displaces the base of cochlea and _______ frequency traveling waves displaces the apex

A

high, low

88
Q

All because of high ICP
Palsies: compression of CN6
Upward gaze
Sometimes no symptoms in severe cases, mostly coma na sila
Headache of varying severity
Vomiting
Becomes drowsy or stuporous
Bilateral Babinski sign are the rule

A

ACUTE HYDROCEPHALUS

89
Q

Which nuclei relays station of vision, receives fibers from optic tract, projects to visual area via optic radiation

A

Lateral Geniculate Body (LGB)

L for LIGHT

90
Q

Manifestations (triad) of normal pressure
hydrocephalus_________

What are the components of the Monro-Kellie
doctrine? __________

A

triad:

dementia, steppage gait/ataxia, sphincteric incontinence

Monro-kellie doctrine:

Blood, CSF and brain parenchyma

91
Q

Where is the vascular lesion of patient suffering with Locked-in Syndrome: Px aware of surroundings but cannot move

A

Basilar Artery

YL1: Neuroscience (9 decks)

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