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Pharm Test 2 > Module 8: GI Maze > Flashcards

Module 8: GI Maze Flashcards

1
Q

A microorganism that causes disease

A

Pathogen

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2
Q

A test that is used to detect the presence of bacteria or fungi in the blood

A

Culture

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3
Q

A test to determine how susceptible a microorganism is to a medication

A

Sensitivity

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4
Q

An antimicrobial that targets only specific subsets of bacterial pathogens

A

Narrow Spectrum Antimicrobial

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5
Q

An antimicrobial that targets a wide variety of bacterial pathogens including gram positive and gram negative bacteria.

A

Broad -Spectrum Antimicrobial

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6
Q

Secondary infection in a patient that has a preexisting infection

A

Superinfection

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7
Q

Drugs that stop bacteria from reproducing

A

Bacteriostatic

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8
Q

Drugs that kill their target bacteria

A

Bactericidal

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9
Q

The way in which a drug affects microbes at the cellular level

A

Mechanism of Action

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10
Q

Antagonism can occur between two antimicrobials or between antimicrobials and non-antimicrobials being used to treat other conditions; produce harmful effects

A

Antagonistic Interactions

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11
Q

Concurrent drug administration produces a _________ ________ that is better than the efficacy of either drug alone.
Ex: trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim)

A

Synergistic Interaction

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12
Q

If a medication inhibits the growth of a microorganism, the organism is __________ to the medication.

A

; Sensitive

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13
Q

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) is an example of

A

Gram Positive

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14
Q

Type of antimicrobials that minimize the risk of superinfections

A

Narrow Spectrum Antimicrobials

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15
Q

Inhibit RNA protein synthesis and suppress reproduction of the bacteria.
-Are bacteriostatic as they do not actually kill bacteria, but inhibit additional growth and allow the body’s immune system to kill the offending bacteria

A

Macrolides

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16
Q

_______ occurs when gastric or duodenal ulcers are caused by the breakdown of GI mucosa by pepsin, in combination with the caustic effects of hydrochloric acid.

; the most harmful disease related to hyperacidity because it can result in bleeding ulcers, a life-threatening condition.

A

Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)

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17
Q

used to neutralize stomach acid and reduce the symptoms of heartburn

Ex: Calcium Carbonate

A

Antacids

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18
Q

Greek word for twisted chain, is responsible for many types of infectious diseases in humans. (Gram +)

A

Streptococcus

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19
Q

A second example of a Gram + bacteria. The bacteria comes from a Greek word for bunches of grapes, which describes their microscopic appearance in culture.

A

Staphylococcus

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20
Q

Directly impact interaction and reproduction of the offending microorganism; treat specific viral infections.

A

Antiviral drugs

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21
Q

Rate at which 50% of a drug is eliminated from the plasma

A

Half-life

22
Q

This means that there is a more significant killing of the bacterial with increasing levels of the antibiotic.

A

Dose dependent

23
Q

These medications have optimal bacterial killing effect at lower doses over a longer period of time; These antimicrobials exert the greatest effect by binding to the microorganism for an extensive length of time.

A

Time dependent

; Penicillin

24
Q

Three common mechanisms of antidiarrheals are:

A
  1. Absorbents: help eliminate the toxin or bacteria from the GI tract
  2. Antimotility Agents: slow peristalsis
  3. Probiotics: help to restore normal bacteria found in lower intestine
  • Oral rehydration agents may also be used to replace fluid
  • Antibacterial agents may also be used to treat diarrhea caused by specific infections
25
Q

Classification: Antiemetic; antihistamine

Action: To stop nausea, vomiting, dizziness; inhibits vestibular stimulation

Why Take It: Vertigo, nausea, car sickness

Overexpression:

Administration: not to exceed 400mg/day

Follow Up: Still experiencing nausea?

Education: May cause drowsiness, may cause dry mouth, avoid driving after taking

A

Dimenhydrinate (Gravol)

26
Q

Classification: Antidiarrheal

Action: Work to absorb more fluid out of the stool and low peristalsis down (allows for more solid stool)

Why Take It: Diarrhea

Overexpression: Constipation

Administration: May not want to give if the diarrhea is from a bug/virus/bacteria as this will trap it inside the body

Follow Up: Still experiencing diarrhea, any constipation?

Education: watch for constipation

A

Loperamide

27
Q

Classification: Prokinetic Antiemetic

Action: Blocks dopamine receptors, which cause nausea when triggered

Why Take It: Nausea, vomiting, hiccups, migraine, prevention of chemotherapy-induced emesis

Overexpression: Extrapyramidal symptoms

Administration: IV use can cause EPS

Follow Up: Still experiencing nausea?

Education: May cause drowsiness, signs of EPS; can cause GI upset and diarrhea

A

Metoclopramide

28
Q

Classification: Histamine-2 Receptor Antagonist, Antiulcer Agent

Action: Attach to histamine-2 receptors on parietal cells in the stomach which prevents acid from being released

Why Take It: Ulcer, GERD, heartburn

Overexpression: Acid rebound

Administration:

Follow Up: pain? acid reflux?

Education: may cause drowsiness (Driving), avoid alcohol and other things that may cause GI irritation

A

Ranitidine

; INHIBITS RELEASE OF ACID

29
Q

Classification: Antacid

Action: Neutralizes the acid in the stomach (acid causes pain to the lining of the stomach where ulcer is)

Why Take It: Ulcer

Overexpression: Hypercalcemia, too much acid produced due to brain thinking stomach needs more with neutralized acid

Administration: Rebound effect; patient should be on something longer acting for long term use

Follow Up: Pain? GERD?

Education:

A

Calcium Carbonate

; NEUTRALIZE ACID

30
Q

Classification: Proton Pump Inhibitor

Action: Interferes with proton pump that has a role in acid production; inhibition of production of acid

Why Take It: Ulcer, GERD

Overexpression: Too much reduction of production of acid (rebound effect)

Administration: Best on empty stomach; other meds may not work properly if they require an acidic environment

Follow Up: GERD? Pain?

Education: Advise patient to avoid alcohol, report black tarry stool, report abdominal pain, take med as directed for full course of TX

A

Pantoprazole
(prazoles)
; INHIBIT PRODUCTION OF ACID

31
Q

Classification: Macrolide Antibiotic

Action: Inhibit RNA protein synthesis and suppress reproduction of the bacteria; bacteriostatic

Why Take It: Infection; streptococcal infections; syphilis; gonorrhea

Overexpression: Nausea; kill normal/good flora= GI symptoms; superinfections (yeast infections, thrush of mouth, fungal infections, gut infections (diarrhea/C. diff)

Administration: Anaphylaxis? Renal toxicity, hepatotoxicity, can be given empty or full stomach, often given when people are allergic penicillin

Follow Up: resolution of signs and sx of infection? improvement of acne lesions if for acne

Education: take med around the clock when supposed to, take full course even if feeling better, may cause nausea/vomiting/stomach cramping/diarrhea

A

Erythromycin

32
Q

Classification: Osmotic Laxative

Action: Increase fluid in stool to allow for better defecation

Why Take It: Constipation (natural or from med)

Overexpression: Diarrhea

Administration: PEG should not be used for more than 2 weeks at a time

Follow Up: reduced/stopped constipation; a soft formed bowel movement?

Education: Inform patient 2-4 may be needed to produce bowel movement; encourage non-pharmacological measures like fibre, fluids, and movement

A

Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)

33
Q

Classification: Stimulant

Action: Stimulate lining of the intestine muscles to contract to move stool through

Why Take It: Constipation

Overexpression: Diarrhea

Administration: More aggressive than osmotic laxative; prolonged use may cause dependence

Follow Up: Soft, formed bowel movement? Resolution of constipation?

Education: Short term therapy; encourage non-pharmacological measures like fibre, fluids and movement

A

Bisacodyl

34
Q

What are possible reason someone may experience nausea?

A

Illness, motion sickness, pregnancy, anxiety/stress, side effect of meds, withdrawal, substance use, surgery/anesthetic, anticipatory nausea, poison/toxin

35
Q

; Stimulates motility of the upper GI tract
; Blocks dopamine in the CTZ (medulla oblongata)
; Works as antiemetic
; Can cause EPS with IV use
; Unlabeled use is to manage hiccups

A

Metoclopramide

Prokinetic Antiemetic

36
Q

When going to Mexico to elope, I make sure to pack which medication?

A

Loperamide (Antidiarrheal)

37
Q

What are important non-pharmacological interventions to prevent constipation?

A 
; Encourage fluids
; Encourage mobility and movement as 
  tolerated
; Prune juice
; Encourage fibre intake
38
Q

Why is it important to deal with constipation?

A

; Bowel obstruction and perforation of the bowel(s)

39
Q

Which laxative is used in “Active Treatment”?

A

Bisacodyl/Senekot

; Stimulant

40
Q

Which laxative is used prophylactically(preventative)?

A

Polyethylene Glycol

; Osmotic Laxative

41
Q

True or False:

The terms H2 Antagonist and Antihistamine are interchangeable terms as they mean the same thing.

A

False

; Antihistamine blocks H1 receptors and H2 Antagonist blocks H2 receptors

42
Q

True or False:

Antacids can increase stomach acid.

A

True
; Bounce back effect after discontinuing AND also if you take them a lot they can increase acid (stomach becomes alkaline and signals brain to signal to produce more acid)

43
Q

What important aspects of antibiotic therapy should the nurse include in patient education?

A

; Take full course of treatment even if feeling better
; Use probiotic while on antibiotic to encourage normal flora
; When to take in
; How to take it, empty/full stomach

44
Q

Works to absorb more fluid out of the stool and slow peristalsis down (allows for more solid stool)

A

Loperamide (Antidiarrheal)

45
Q

Blocks dopamine receptors, which cause nausea when triggered

*EPS possible when given by IV

A

Metoclopramide

; Prokinetic Antiemetic

46
Q

Attach to histamine-2 receptors on parietal cells in the stomach which prevents acid from being released
*INHIBITS RELEASE OF ACID

A

Ranitidine

; Histamine 2 Receptor Antagonist

47
Q

Neutralizes the acid in the stomach (acid causes pain to the lining of the stomach where ulcer is)

A

Calcium Carbonate
; Antacid
*NEUTRALIZES ACID

48
Q

Interferes with proton pump that has a role in acid production; inhibition of production of acid

A

Pantoprazole
; Protein Pump Inhibitor
*INHIBITS PRODUCTION OF ACID

49
Q

Inhibit RNA protein synthesis and suppress reproduction of the bacteria; bacteriostatic

A

Erythromycin

; Macrolide Antibiotic

50
Q

Increase fluid in stool to allow for better defecation

A

Polyethylene Glycol
; Osmotic Laxative
*Prophylactic

51
Q

Stimulate lining of the intestine muscles to contract to move stool through
*Used in active treatment

A

Bisacodyl

; Stimulant

52
Q

inhibits vestibular stimulation

A

Dimenhydrinate

Antiemetic & Antihistamine

Pharm Test 2 (3 decks)

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