Module 8 (Emotion)

Question 1

Name The 3 Components of Emotion

Answer 1

Behavioural

Autonomic

Hormonal

Question 2

The Behavioural Component of Emotion

Answer 2

Involves the muscular movements

Question 3

The Autonomic Component of Emotion

Answer 3

facilitate the behaviours and provide quick mobilisation of energy for vigorous movement

Question 4

The Hormonal Component of Emotion

Answer 4

Reinforce the autonomic responses

Question 5

LA stand for

Answer 5

Lateral Nucleus in the Amygdala & it’s responsible to receive information from the neocortex and send it to the B and CE.

Question 6

B stand for…

Answer 6

Basal Nucleus in the Amygdala

Question 7

CE stand for…

Answer 7

Central Nucleus in the amygdala. It’s responsible for the expression of many of the components of emotion response, and projects the information received to the hypothalamus, midbrain, pons and medulla.

Question 8

CER

Answer 8

Conditioned Emotional Response. Occurs when neural stimulus is paired with emotional-producing stimulus.

Question 9

Amygdala

Answer 9

A limbic system structure involved in memory and emotion, particularly fear and aggression. Located on the temporal lobe, and has several nucleus including LA, B and CE.

Question 10

vmPFC stands for

Answer 10

ventromedial prefrontal cortex, located in the bottom front of cerebral hemisphere.

Question 11

vmPFC

Answer 11

The vmPFC seems to be important in inhibiting a fear response. A neural area that has been found to be important for processing risk, fear, inhibiting emotional responses, cognitive evaluation of morality, empathy, and choosing between outcomes (cost-benefit). Kinda of our courage input area.

Question 12

Man with high levels of Testosterone…

Answer 12

Has less empathy, less attending fathers, less likely to get married, or prone to divorce, aggressive, however the last characteristic just shown when cortisol levels are low.

Question 13

Carré et al. (2016) study found…

Answer 13

that testosterone only increased aggression among men who had traits of high dominance and low impulse control.

Question 14

Wood et al., 2013

Answer 14

research suggests testosterone increases aggression through disinhibition, meaning that a behaviour that would typically be inhibited is not, making it more likely to occur

Question 15

Dreher et al. (2016)

Answer 15

In the study some participants were administered testosterone and then asked to play a game that involved responding to high and low offers of money. The effects of the testosterone depended on context. In response to an unfair offer in the game, testosterone increased punishment and aggressive behaviours. In contrast, in response to a generous offer, testosterone increased generosity.

Question 16

serotonin and aggression

Answer 16

As Serotonin levels (5-HIAA) are thought to be lower in those who undertake risky behaviours, or exhibit aggression. As such, it is possible that taking SSRIs (a serotonin agonist), might lower aggression by increasing the amount of serotinergic activity in the brain (HOWEVER high serotonin have also been linked to aggression in some studies, so the mechanism is not yet clear).

Question 17

vmPFC damage. Give a example.

Answer 17

Causes impairment to emotional regulations, behavioural control and decision making, those individuals are guided by rational practical solutions. Phineas Gage.

Question 18

How humans communicate emotion?

Answer 18

Body language, facial expressions, and non-verbal sounds.

Question 19

The 2 main things about human expression of emotion…

Answer 19

1. It’s Innate
2. it’s unlearned

Question 20

Why emotional expression is innate?

Answer 20

Multiple studies indicated that across cultural settings the expression of emotion it’s innate because the facial expression of those have the same form

Question 21

Cite the 3 Neural Bases of Emotional Recognition

Answer 21

Laterality

Amygdala

Mirror Neurones

Question 22

What hemisphere is the most important on comprehension of emotion? Why.

Answer 22

Right

Research found that both sides of the Prefrontal Cortex are active when identifying meaning of words, however, this side is responsible for recognise tone of voice

Question 23

Individuals with word deafness…

Answer 23

Cannot comprehend meaning of speech but in contrast can easily identify emotions expressed from intonation of someone’s voice. The area of de age was the left temporal cortex.

Question 24

Impairments to the Amígdala can…

Answer 24

Cause difficulty in recognising others facial expressions (mainly fear)

Question 25

mirror neurons

Answer 25

Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain’s mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy.

Question 26

Simulationist Hypotheses

Answer 26

The somatosensory representation of what it feels like to make the perceived emotion provides cues we use to recognise emotion in others. A research that support its for an example is the pencil in the lips difficulting people to recognise smile expressions

Question 27

What Dr Duchenne found?

Answer 27

On his studies of smile expression he found that real smiles involves a comtraction

Question 28

Volitional facial paresis

Answer 28

A individual with this disorder cannot voluntarily move facial muscles, however, they still able to express genuine emotion with those muscles. caused by damage to the face region of the primary motor cortex or its subcortical connections

Question 29

Emotional facial paresis

Answer 29

This disorder make the person be able to only voluntarily move facial muscles, however, they have difficulty in express genuine emotions with these muscles; caused by damage to the insular prefrontal cortex, subcortical white matter of the frontal lobe, or parts of the thalamus

Question 30

The James Lange Theory

Answer 30

the theory that emotion results from physiological states triggered by stimuli in the environment. “I’m afraid because I’m shaking “
1.Emotion eliciting event
2. ANS arousal
3. Conscious emotional experience

Question 31

facial feedback hypothesis

Answer 31

the idea that facial expressions can influence emotions as well as reflect them