Module 8 (Emotion) Flashcards
Name The 3 Components of Emotion
Behavioural
Autonomic
Hormonal
The Behavioural Component of Emotion
Involves the muscular movements
The Autonomic Component of Emotion
facilitate the behaviours and provide quick mobilisation of energy for vigorous movement
The Hormonal Component of Emotion
Reinforce the autonomic responses
LA stand for
Lateral Nucleus in the Amygdala & it’s responsible to receive information from the neocortex and send it to the B and CE.
B stand for…
Basal Nucleus in the Amygdala
CE stand for…
Central Nucleus in the amygdala. It’s responsible for the expression of many of the components of emotion response, and projects the information received to the hypothalamus, midbrain, pons and medulla.
CER
Conditioned Emotional Response. Occurs when neural stimulus is paired with emotional-producing stimulus.
Amygdala
A limbic system structure involved in memory and emotion, particularly fear and aggression. Located on the temporal lobe, and has several nucleus including LA, B and CE.
vmPFC stands for
ventromedial prefrontal cortex, located in the bottom front of cerebral hemisphere.
vmPFC
The vmPFC seems to be important in inhibiting a fear response. A neural area that has been found to be important for processing risk, fear, inhibiting emotional responses, cognitive evaluation of morality, empathy, and choosing between outcomes (cost-benefit). Kinda of our courage input area.
Man with high levels of Testosterone…
Has less empathy, less attending fathers, less likely to get married, or prone to divorce, aggressive, however the last characteristic just shown when cortisol levels are low.
Carré et al. (2016) study found…
that testosterone only increased aggression among men who had traits of high dominance and low impulse control.
Wood et al., 2013
research suggests testosterone increases aggression through disinhibition, meaning that a behaviour that would typically be inhibited is not, making it more likely to occur
Dreher et al. (2016)
In the study some participants were administered testosterone and then asked to play a game that involved responding to high and low offers of money. The effects of the testosterone depended on context. In response to an unfair offer in the game, testosterone increased punishment and aggressive behaviours. In contrast, in response to a generous offer, testosterone increased generosity.
serotonin and aggression
As Serotonin levels (5-HIAA) are thought to be lower in those who undertake risky behaviours, or exhibit aggression. As such, it is possible that taking SSRIs (a serotonin agonist), might lower aggression by increasing the amount of serotinergic activity in the brain (HOWEVER high serotonin have also been linked to aggression in some studies, so the mechanism is not yet clear).
vmPFC damage. Give a example.
Causes impairment to emotional regulations, behavioural control and decision making, those individuals are guided by rational practical solutions. Phineas Gage.
How humans communicate emotion?
Body language, facial expressions, and non-verbal sounds.
The 2 main things about human expression of emotion…
- It’s Innate
- it’s unlearned
Why emotional expression is innate?
Multiple studies indicated that across cultural settings the expression of emotion it’s innate because the facial expression of those have the same form
Cite the 3 Neural Bases of Emotional Recognition
Laterality
Amygdala
Mirror Neurones
What hemisphere is the most important on comprehension of emotion? Why.
Right
Research found that both sides of the Prefrontal Cortex are active when identifying meaning of words, however, this side is responsible for recognise tone of voice
Individuals with word deafness…
Cannot comprehend meaning of speech but in contrast can easily identify emotions expressed from intonation of someone’s voice. The area of de age was the left temporal cortex.
Impairments to the Amígdala can…
Cause difficulty in recognising others facial expressions (mainly fear)
mirror neurons
Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain’s mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy.
Simulationist Hypotheses
The somatosensory representation of what it feels like to make the perceived emotion provides cues we use to recognise emotion in others. A research that support its for an example is the pencil in the lips difficulting people to recognise smile expressions
What Dr Duchenne found?
On his studies of smile expression he found that real smiles involves a comtraction
Volitional facial paresis
A individual with this disorder cannot voluntarily move facial muscles, however, they still able to express genuine emotion with those muscles. caused by damage to the face region of the primary motor cortex or its subcortical connections
Emotional facial paresis
This disorder make the person be able to only voluntarily move facial muscles, however, they have difficulty in express genuine emotions with these muscles; caused by damage to the insular prefrontal cortex, subcortical white matter of the frontal lobe, or parts of the thalamus
The James Lange Theory
the theory that emotion results from physiological states triggered by stimuli in the environment. “I’m afraid because I’m shaking “
1.Emotion eliciting event
2. ANS arousal
3. Conscious emotional experience
facial feedback hypothesis
the idea that facial expressions can influence emotions as well as reflect them
