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COAD Final > Module 8 - Common Chronic Conditions > Flashcards

Module 8 - Common Chronic Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

What are the categories of the Chronic Illness trajectory model (8)?

A

1) Pre-trajectory - before illness occurs - preventative phase
2) Trajectory onset - Signs and Symptoms
3) Crisis - Life threatening
4) Acute - Active illness
5) Stable - Symptoms controlled
6) Unstable - Symptoms not controlled
7) Downward - Progressive deterioration
8) Dying

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2
Q

Holistic approach to chronic conditions

A
  • Use of non-chemical medications
  • Naturally sourced medications - herbal supplements, cannabis
  • Healthy nutrition
  • Exercise
  • Essential oils
  • Accupuncture
  • Massage therapy
  • Physical therapy
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3
Q

Pathophysiology and Etiology - Osteoporosis

A
  • Metabolic bone disorder
  • Decrease in bone mass
  • Loss of calcium
  • Severe low bone mineral density
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4
Q

Signs and Symptoms -Osteoporosis

A
  • Early stage is asymptomatic
  • Back pain
  • Psychosis
  • Scoliosis
  • Fractures
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5
Q

Treatment - Osteoporosis

A
  • Exercise
  • Nutrition
  • Lifestyle changes (Smoking)
  • Physiotherapy
  • Fall prevention
  • Increase in calcium and vitamin D
  • PTH injections
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6
Q

Pathophysiology and Etiology - Osteoarthritis

A
  • Degenerative arthritis or degenerative joint disease
  • Cartilaginous lining becomes thin and damaged
  • Joint space narrows and bones of the joint rub together causing destruction
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7
Q

Signs and Symptoms -Osteoarthritis

A
  • Older age
  • Obesity
  • Pain and joint stiffness
  • Crepitations
  • Joint movement is limited
  • Fingers can look disfigured
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8
Q

Treatments- Osteoarthritis

A
  • Medications - Analgesics/NSAID’s
  • Physiotherapy
  • Surgery
  • Heat and Cold applications
  • Diet changes
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9
Q

Pathophysiology and Etiology - Polymyalgia Rheumatic Arthritis

A

Inflammatory disease of the joints

- Mainly in the neck, shoulders and upper arms

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10
Q

Signs and Symptoms- Polymyalgia Rheumatic Arthritis

A
  • Acute onset pain in neck, shoulders and upper arms
  • Low grade fever
  • Fatigue
  • Stiffness
  • Swelling
  • Redness
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11
Q

Treatments- Polymyalgia Rheumatic Arthritis

A
  • Corticosteroid medication/injection

- Physiotherapy

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12
Q

Pathophysiology and Etiology - Rheumatoid Arthritis

A
  • Autoimmune disease
  • Inflammation of joint and destroys cartilage and bone within the joint
  • Persistent and systemic inflammation
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13
Q

Signs and Symptoms- Rheumatoid Arthritis

A
  • Redness
  • Pain
  • Swelling
  • Fatigue
  • Low grade fever
  • Aching
  • Depression
  • Progression to heart valves/pleura (severe)
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14
Q

Treatments - Rheumatoid Arthritis

A
  • Physiotherapy
  • Analgesics/NSAID’s
  • Heat and cold application
  • Glucocorticoid injections
  • Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (NDMARD)
  • Rest between activities
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15
Q

Pathophysiology and Etiology - Benign prostatic hypertrophy

A
  • Hyperplasia related to imbalance of estrogen and testosterone due to aging
  • Changes in prostate tissue surrounding urethra causing compression and obstruction
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16
Q

Signs and Symptoms - Benign prostatic hypertrophy

A
  • Dribbling urine
  • Hesitancy to urinate
  • Age
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17
Q

Treatment - Benign prostatic hypertrophy

A
  • Surgery
  • Cystoscopy
  • Medications to smooth and relax muscles
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18
Q

Pathophysiology and Etiology - Parkinson’s disease

A
  • Progressive neurological disorder
  • Neurons that produce dopamine are destroyed and die
  • May be genetic
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19
Q

Signs and Symptoms- Parkinson’s disease

A
  • Decreased sensations
  • Decreased fine motor skills
  • Voice changes
  • Stooped posture
  • Tremors
  • Slow movements
  • Stiffness of arms and legs
  • Problems with balance, tend to fall a lot
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20
Q

Treatment - Parkinson’s disease

A
  • Lifestyle changes
  • Medications
    o Dopamine agonists
    o Anticholinergics
  • Nutrition
  • PT/OT
  • Holistic care
  • Exercises – slow and steady
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21
Q

Nursing care assessments, management, patient teaching - Osteoporosis

A
  • ROM Assessment
  • Nutrition assessment
  • Vitamin supplements
  • Promote physiotherapy
  • DEXA bone Scan
  • Follow ups with care provider
  • Encourage healthier lifestyle
22
Q

Nursing care assessments, management, patient teaching - Arthritis - ALL (osteoarthritis, polymyalgia rheumatics, rheumatoid arthritis, gout)

A
  • Encourage a healthier lifestyle- Nutrition, No smoking, Avoid alcohol
  • Exercise
  • Vitamin supplements
  • Follow ups with care provider
  • ROM
  • Dexterity of hands
  • Ensure client rest after activities
23
Q

Nursing care assessments, management, patient teaching - Benign prostatic hypertrophy

A
  • Follow ups with health provider
  • Ensure education on what to look for with BPH
  • Encourage increase fluid intake
  • Exercise and mobility
24
Q

Nursing care assessments, management, patient teaching - Parkinson’s disease

A
  • Nutrition
  • Vitamin supplements
  • Exercise and mobility
  • Test ROM
  • Physio/OT
  • Encourage follow ups with health professionals
  • Education on signs and symptoms of worsening condition
25
Q

Pathophysiology and S/S - Glaucoma

A
  • Natural fluids of the eye are blocked by ciliary muscle causing build up of pressure
  • Damage to optic nerve
  • Redness
  • Acute pain
  • Severe headache
  • Impaired vision
  • Nausea/Vomiting
26
Q

Nursing Assessments/Intervention - Glaucoma

A
  • Obtain a medical history
  • Eye drop administrations
  • Ophthalmology appointments
  • Vision Exam/- Routine screening
27
Q

Pathophysiology - Cataracts

A

Caused by oxidation damage to lens’s protein and fatty deposits

28
Q

Signs and Symptoms- Cataracts

A
  • Clear lens becomes cloudy
  • Halos around objects
  • Blurred Vision
  • Changed perception of light and colour (yellow tinge)
  • Sensitivity to glare
  • Increased rate of impairment
  • Age
29
Q

Nursing Assessment/Interventions - Cataracts

A 
Assessments;
- Assess renal function
- Assess for tumors/lesions
- Education and preparation to vision changes
Treatments:
- Surgery 
- Counselling
- Vision exams/Routine screenings
30
Q

Pathophysiology - Macular degeneration (AMD)

A
  • Degenerative eye disease that affects macula
  • Progressive loss to central vision
  • Peripheral vision intact
  • Genetics
31
Q

Nursing Assessments - Macular degeneration (AMD)

A
  • No cure
  • Limited treatment options due to slow progression
  • Screening and early detection and prevention
  • Eye exams
32
Q

Interventions - Macular degeneration (AMD)

A

Want to slow progression by:

  • Antioxidant and zinc formulas - Vitamin C and E and Zinc oxide
  • PDT (photo-dynamic therapy)
  • Laser Therapy
  • Medications
33
Q

Pathophysiology - Diabetic retinopathy

A
  • Increased vessel permeability due to Diabetes Mellitus

- Blood and lipid leakage causes macular edema and hard exudate

34
Q

Assessments - Diabetic retinopathy

A
  • Assess for Micro-aneurysms, hemorrhages and hard exudates

- Eye exams– 5 years after diagnosis of Type 1 and at the time of diagnosis for Type 2

35
Q

Interventions - Diabetic retinopathy

A
  • Constant, strict control of glucose, cholesterol and blood pressure
  • Laser photo-coagulation treatments
36
Q

Pathophysiology - Tinnitus

A
  • Perception of sound with the absence of sound

- Can be ringing, buzzing, hissing, whistling and swishing

37
Q

Assessments - Tinnitus

A
  • Collect data from person
  • Tinnitus questionnaire
  • Causes vary- Loud noises, allergies and obstruction
  • May never be determined
  • Medication toxicity
38
Q

Interventions - Tinnitus

A
  • Hearing aids
  • Electrostimulation
  • Masking with white noise
  • Dental treatment
  • Cochlear implants
39
Q

Pathophysiology - Hearing Loss

A
  • Conduction deafness - Blocked sound to external or middle ear
  • Accumulation of wax/foreign object, scar tissue or adhesions
  • Sensorineural deafness- Damage to organ of corti – auditory nerve
40
Q

Assessments - Hearing Loss

A
  • Hearing test
  • Collecting data from the person
  • Interpreter may be able to gather information for sign language use
41
Q

Interventions - Hearing Loss

A
  • Cochlear implant
  • Hearing aid
  • Removal of wax or foreign objects
  • Education on sign language
42
Q

Strategies to maintain maximal function for people to self care

A
  • Education on disease prevention
  • Immunizations
  • Access to resources
  • Follow ups with health provider
  • Vision and hearing assessments
43
Q

Immunization need for older adults

A
  • Booster dose of tetanus/diphtheria every 10 years
  • Annual influenza vaccine
  • Booster dose for the whooping cough
  • Pneumococcal vaccine – over 65 years and older adults with health issues
  • Herpes Zoster (Shingles) - Over 50 years
44
Q

Describe the geriatric syndrome of frailty

A

Fatal/chronic conditions in which the body has few reserves left and any disturbances can cause multiple health conditions
- Increase in physical and mental decline
- Leads to increase risk of morbidity and mortality
Responsible for:
- Metabolic factors
- Atherosclerosis
- Cognitive impairment
- Malnutrition
- Weight loss, fatigue, muscle weakness, slow and unsteady gait and decline in activity

45
Q

What is the scale that is used to manage frailty and prevent further functional decline?

A

Clinical Frailty Scale: Scores individuals from levels of very fit to terminally ill based on common symptoms

46
Q

Causes - Arterial and Venous Ulcers

A
  • Venous and arterial insufficiency
  • Immobility
  • Obesity
  • Diabetes
  • Atherosclerosis
  • Thrombocyte activity
  • Sickle cell disease
  • Wounds
47
Q

Management - Arterial ad Venous Ulcers

A
  • Change in position
  • Examination of the wound
  • Understanding and treatment of underlying cause
  • Assess medical history
  • Change of Dressings
  • Encourage fluid intake
  • Medications
48
Q

Gout

A
  • Form of arthritis

- Urate crystals accumulation in the joint causing the inflammation

49
Q

Gout - Signs and Symptoms

A
  • Intense Pain
  • Redness
  • Swelling
  • Discharge
  • Limited ROM
  • Obesity
  • Diabetes
50
Q

Gout - Treatment

A
  • Medications - NSAID’s
  • Corticosteriods
  • Change of diet
  • Limit alcohol
  • Exercise recovery

COAD Final (6 decks)

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