Module 8: Coagulation/ Hematopoietic/ Adaptive Immunity/ Tansplants/ Vaccines

Question 1

Erythrocyte (RBC)

Answer 1

transports gas to and from tissues and cells

Question 2

Leukocyte (WBC)

Answer 2

defend body against organisms that cause infection and also remove debris

Question 3

Platelet

Answer 3

coagulation and control of bleeding through adhesion, activation, and aggregation

Question 4

Neutrophil

Answer 4

phagocytosis, particularly during early phase of inflammation

Question 5

Eosinophil

Answer 5

control of inflammation, phagocytosis, defense against parasites, allergic reactions

Question 6

Basophil

Answer 6

cell-like functions, associated with allergic reactions

Question 7

Monocyte and Macrophage

Answer 7

phagocytosis (engulf); mononuclear phagocyte system

Question 8

Lymphocyte

Answer 8

humoral and cell-mediated immunity

Question 9

Natural Killer Cell

Answer 9

defense against some tumors and viruses

Question 10

Clot Formation

Answer 10

injured cells release prothrombin activator, prothrombin activator changes prothrombin to thrombin, thrombin changes fibrinogen to fibrin, fibrin forms insoluble web over injured area to stop bleeding

Question 11

Clot Degradation

Answer 11

initiated by release of tissue plasminogen activator (TPA), TPA converts plasminogen to plasmin, plasmin digests fiber strands which restores circulation, fibrin degradation products are produced

Question 12

Pernicious Anemia

Answer 12

• lack of vitamin B12; abnormal DNA and RNA synthesis is erythroblast; premature cell death
• macrocytic anemia
• caused by congenital or acquired deficiency of intrinsic factor (IF); genetic disorder of DNA synthesis

Question 13

Folate Deficiency Anemia

Answer 13

• lack of folate; premature cell death
• macrocytic anemia
• caused by dietary folate deficiency

Question 14

Iron Deficiency Anemia

Answer 14

• lack of iron for hemoglobin; insufficient hemoglobin
• microcytic hypochromic anemia
• caused by chronic blood loss, dietary iron deficiency, disruption of iron metabolism or iron cycle

Question 15

Posthemorrhagic Anemia

Answer 15

• blood loss
• normocytic-normochromic anemia
• caused by increased erythropoiesis; iron depletion

Question 16

Sickle Cell Anemia

Answer 16

• abnormal hemoglobin synthesis, abnormal cell shape with susceptibility to damage, lysis, and phagocytosis
• normocytic-normochromic anemia
• caused by congenital dysfunction of hemoglobin synthesis

Question 17

Hemophilia

Answer 17

a group of inherited bleeding disorders resulting from mutations in coagulation factors

Question 18

Immune Thrombocytopenia Purpura (ITP)

Answer 18

destruction of platelets or antibody-mediated inflammatory reactions to allergens damage blood vessels and cause seepage into tissues

Question 19

B cells

Answer 19

made in the bone marrow, resides in lymphoid tissue as immunocompetent cells, each cell responds to a specific antigen, interact with antigens to become active antibody-producing cells (plasma cells)

Question 20

T cells

Answer 20

made in the thymus, reside in secondary lymphoid tissue as immunocompetent cells, interact with antigens to become effector cells such as T cytotoxic cells

Question 21

Antigens

Answer 21

Molecules that bind and react with components of the immune response, such as antibodies and receptors on B and T cells. Most antigens can induce an immune response, and these antigens are called immunogens

Question 22

IgE

Answer 22

antibody that mediates the release of histamine and other mediators from mast cells and basophils

Question 23

IgG

Answer 23

antibody that alerts WBCs to kill cells; neutralizes toxins, viruses, and bacteria for phagocytosis

Question 24

IgM

Answer 24

binds to antigen and activates the complement system

Question 25

Acute Rejection

Answer 25

- cell mediated response that occurs within days to months after transplantation - when recipient develops an immune response against unmatched HLA antigens after transplantation

Question 26

Chronic Rejection

Answer 26

- slow, progressive organ failure - results from chronic inflammation and weak cell-mediated (type 4) reaction against minor histocompatibility antigens on the grafted tissues

Question 27

Primary (Congenital) Immune Deficiencies

Answer 27

- as a result of single gene defects - not inherited and rare - predominantly antibody deficiencies; defects in phagocytes number or function; defects in innate immunity; and complement defects

Question 28

Secondary (Acquired) Immune Deficiencies

Answer 28

complications of other physiologic or pathophysiologic conditions

Question 29

Macrocytic-normochromic Anemia

Answer 29

large abnormally shaped erythrocytes, normal hemoglobin concentrations

Question 29

Microcytic-hypochromic Anemia

Answer 29

small, abnormally shaped erythrocytes and reduced hemoglobin concentration

Question 30

Normocytic-normochromic Anemia

Answer 30

normal size, normal hemoglobin concentration

Question 31

Thrombocytopenia

Answer 31

decrease in number of circulating platelets (< 150,000)

Question 32

Thrombocythemia

Answer 32

increase in number of platelets (> 450,000)

Question 33

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

Answer 33

Widespread activation of coagulation resulting in formation of fibrin clots in medium and small vessels or microvasculature throughout body

Question 34

Thrombosis

Answer 34

formation of a clot in an arterial or venous vessel

Question 35

Embolism

Answer 35

blood clot moving through the blood stream

Question 36

Prothrombin Time (PT)

Answer 36

time it takes blood to clot in presence of clotting factors (11-13.5 sec)

Question 37

International Normalized Ratio (INR)

Answer 37

normal range for clotting (0.8-1.1)

Question 38

Partial Thromboemboplastin Time (PTT)

Answer 38

detects deficiencies of certain clotting factors (usually 25-37 sec)

Question 39

Biologic Response Modifiers

Answer 39

substances naturally produced by body and those developed in the lab

Question 40

Colony Stimulating Factors

Answer 40

proteins that regulate growth, maturation, and differentiation of bone marrow stem cells

Question 41

Traditional Vaccines

Answer 41

whole components of inactivated (killed) microorganisms

Question 42

Attenuated Virus

Answer 42

live, weakened microorganisms

Question 43

Toxoids

Answer 43

inactivated toxins that stimulate antitoxin formation but can’t produce disease

Question 44

Conjugate Vaccines

Answer 44

requires protein or toxoid from unrelated organism to link to outer coating of disease-causing microorganism

Question 45

Recombinant Subunit Vaccines

Answer 45

involve some genetic material of pathogen into another cell or organism where antigen is produced