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Patho/Pharm > Module 8: Coagulation/ Hematopoietic/ Adaptive Immunity/ Tansplants/ Vaccines > Flashcards

Module 8: Coagulation/ Hematopoietic/ Adaptive Immunity/ Tansplants/ Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

Erythrocyte (RBC)

A

transports gas to and from tissues and cells

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2
Q

Leukocyte (WBC)

A

defend body against organisms that cause infection and also remove debris

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3
Q

Platelet

A

coagulation and control of bleeding through adhesion, activation, and aggregation

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4
Q

Neutrophil

A

phagocytosis, particularly during early phase of inflammation

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5
Q

Eosinophil

A

control of inflammation, phagocytosis, defense against parasites, allergic reactions

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6
Q

Basophil

A

cell-like functions, associated with allergic reactions

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7
Q

Monocyte and Macrophage

A

phagocytosis (engulf); mononuclear phagocyte system

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8
Q

Lymphocyte

A

humoral and cell-mediated immunity

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9
Q

Natural Killer Cell

A

defense against some tumors and viruses

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10
Q

Clot Formation

A

injured cells release prothrombin activator, prothrombin activator changes prothrombin to thrombin, thrombin changes fibrinogen to fibrin, fibrin forms insoluble web over injured area to stop bleeding

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11
Q

Clot Degradation

A

initiated by release of tissue plasminogen activator (TPA), TPA converts plasminogen to plasmin, plasmin digests fiber strands which restores circulation, fibrin degradation products are produced

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12
Q

Pernicious Anemia

A
  • lack of vitamin B12; abnormal DNA and RNA synthesis is erythroblast; premature cell death
  • macrocytic anemia
  • caused by congenital or acquired deficiency of intrinsic factor (IF); genetic disorder of DNA synthesis
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13
Q

Folate Deficiency Anemia

A
  • lack of folate; premature cell death
  • macrocytic anemia
  • caused by dietary folate deficiency
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14
Q

Iron Deficiency Anemia

A
  • lack of iron for hemoglobin; insufficient hemoglobin
  • microcytic hypochromic anemia
  • caused by chronic blood loss, dietary iron deficiency, disruption of iron metabolism or iron cycle
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15
Q

Posthemorrhagic Anemia

A
  • blood loss
  • normocytic-normochromic anemia
  • caused by increased erythropoiesis; iron depletion
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16
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia

A
  • abnormal hemoglobin synthesis, abnormal cell shape with susceptibility to damage, lysis, and phagocytosis
  • normocytic-normochromic anemia
  • caused by congenital dysfunction of hemoglobin synthesis
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17
Q

Hemophilia

A

a group of inherited bleeding disorders resulting from mutations in coagulation factors

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18
Q

Immune Thrombocytopenia Purpura (ITP)

A

destruction of platelets or antibody-mediated inflammatory reactions to allergens damage blood vessels and cause seepage into tissues

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19
Q

B cells

A

made in the bone marrow, resides in lymphoid tissue as immunocompetent cells, each cell responds to a specific antigen, interact with antigens to become active antibody-producing cells (plasma cells)

20
Q

T cells

A

made in the thymus, reside in secondary lymphoid tissue as immunocompetent cells, interact with antigens to become effector cells such as T cytotoxic cells

21
Q

Antigens

A

Molecules that bind and react with components of the immune response, such as antibodies and receptors on B and T cells. Most antigens can induce an immune response, and these antigens are called immunogens

22
Q

IgE

A

antibody that mediates the release of histamine and other mediators from mast cells and basophils

23
Q

IgG

A

antibody that alerts WBCs to kill cells; neutralizes toxins, viruses, and bacteria for phagocytosis

24
Q

IgM

A

binds to antigen and activates the complement system

25
Q

Acute Rejection

A
  • cell mediated response that occurs within days to months after transplantation
  • when recipient develops an immune response against unmatched HLA antigens after transplantation
26
Q

Chronic Rejection

A
  • slow, progressive organ failure
  • results from chronic inflammation and weak cell-mediated (type 4) reaction against minor histocompatibility antigens on the grafted tissues
27
Q

Primary (Congenital) Immune Deficiencies

A
  • as a result of single gene defects
  • not inherited and rare
  • predominantly antibody deficiencies; defects in phagocytes number or function; defects in innate immunity; and complement defects
28
Q

Secondary (Acquired) Immune Deficiencies

A

complications of other physiologic or pathophysiologic conditions

29
Q

Macrocytic-normochromic Anemia

A

large abnormally shaped erythrocytes, normal hemoglobin concentrations

29
Q

Microcytic-hypochromic Anemia

A

small, abnormally shaped erythrocytes and reduced hemoglobin concentration

30
Q

Normocytic-normochromic Anemia

A

normal size, normal hemoglobin concentration

31
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

decrease in number of circulating platelets (< 150,000)

32
Q

Thrombocythemia

A

increase in number of platelets (> 450,000)

33
Q

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

A

Widespread activation of coagulation resulting in formation of fibrin clots in medium and small vessels or microvasculature throughout body

34
Q

Thrombosis

A

formation of a clot in an arterial or venous vessel

35
Q

Embolism

A

blood clot moving through the blood stream

36
Q

Prothrombin Time (PT)

A

time it takes blood to clot in presence of clotting factors (11-13.5 sec)

37
Q

International Normalized Ratio (INR)

A

normal range for clotting (0.8-1.1)

38
Q

Partial Thromboemboplastin Time (PTT)

A

detects deficiencies of certain clotting factors (usually 25-37 sec)

39
Q

Biologic Response Modifiers

A

substances naturally produced by body and those developed in the lab

40
Q

Colony Stimulating Factors

A

proteins that regulate growth, maturation, and differentiation of bone marrow stem cells

41
Q

Traditional Vaccines

A

whole components of inactivated (killed) microorganisms

42
Q

Attenuated Virus

A

live, weakened microorganisms

43
Q

Toxoids

A

inactivated toxins that stimulate antitoxin formation but can’t produce disease

44
Q

Conjugate Vaccines

A

requires protein or toxoid from unrelated organism to link to outer coating of disease-causing microorganism

45
Q

Recombinant Subunit Vaccines

A

involve some genetic material of pathogen into another cell or organism where antigen is produced

Patho/Pharm (1 decks)

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