Module 8 - Clauses, Pragmatics

Question 1

What is a simple Clause?

Answer 1

Sentence with one clause

Question 2

What is a complex clause

Answer 2

Sentence with more than one clause
2 verbs
Linked by a conjunction

Question 3

2 types of complex clauses:

Answer 3

Coordinate (compound) clause
Subordinate clause

Question 4

What is a coordinate clause (2)

Answer 4

A sentence with 2 or more clauses in EQUAL relationship
Individual clauses can stand alone in meaning

Question 5

What conjunctions do coordinate clauses use?

Answer 5

Coordinate conjunctions
And, but, or, for, yet, so, nor

Question 6

What is a subordinate clause (4)

Answer 6

NOT EQUAL relationship between clauses
Main clause can stand alone
Subordinate clauses cannot stand alone

Question 7

What are the 3 types of subordinate clauses

Answer 7

Relative (post-modifying) clauses
Adverbial clauses
Complement clauses

Question 8

Distribution of subordinate clause

Answer 8

Subordinate clauses can be before or after or nested within a main clause
Start with a subordinate conjunction (but not always)
That, if, whether, who, when, as, since, although

Question 9

Recursion

Answer 9

Nesting
Sentences can have multiple subordinate clauses -> endless sentences
Eg. Alex, whom you know very well, has a red car which is parked there.

Question 10

What does a Relative / Post modifying clause modify?

Answer 10

Relative clauses post modifies the NP
SVOCA - All
Subject
Object
Complement
Adverbial (describes verb - where, when, why, how)

Question 11

Where do subordinate relative clauses occur in complex clauses? (4)

Answer 11

Occurs in the subject or object position of a main clause SvO
Occurs a part of a phrase (not on their own)
Always comes AFTER a headword - noun
Occurs after a subordinating conjunction (relative pronoun)
That, who, which

Question 12

What is the difference between a post modifier PP and a post modifier/relative clause?

Answer 12

PP has no verb
Relative clause has a verb
Eg. The (det) man (n) with a yellow umbrella (Postmod-PP)
The (det) man (N) who is carrying a yellow umbrella (Postmod-CL)

Question 13

Adverbial Subordinate clauses describes

Answer 13

The whole MAIN CLAUSE
Connected by subordinate conjunction

where, why, how, when to what degree

Question 14

Adverbial subordinate occurs after which ‘of time’ subordinating conjunction?

Answer 14

Time subordinate conjunctions
When
After
As
Before
As soon as

Question 15

Adverbial subordinate occurs after which ‘of condition’ subordinating conjunction?

Answer 15

if

Question 16

Adverbial subordinate occurs after which ‘of concession’ subordinating conjunction?

Answer 16

Although
Even though

Question 17

Adverbial subordinate occurs after which ‘of reason’ subordinating conjunction?

Answer 17

Because
since

Question 18

Where do adverbial subordinate clauses occur?

Answer 18

Shifty, can be in front, at the end or in the middle of a clause
Can have more than one in a sentence

Question 19

Complement subordinate clauses (4):

Answer 19

Complement = obligatory (different meaning to complement clause element)
Complement subordinate clause is a part entire clause element (not a post modifier), it completes the sentence meaning
Can be Subject or Object or Complement clause element

Question 20

Where does a complement subordinate clause occur?

Answer 20

After a subordinate conjunction
Occurs in the subject, object or complement position

SvC/O

Question 21

Pragmatics

Answer 21

The study of how people make sense of a message given the context
In which they hear, read and the knowledge that have about each other, and about the world and how it works

Question 22

Deixis (deictic expression)

Answer 22

A deictic expression shows / indicates
A word or phrase that points to the time, place or situation in which a speaker is speaking
Pointing words

Question 23

2 types of Deixis Expressions

Answer 23

Anaphora (Anaphoric Expression)
Points backwards
Eg. (The puppy) is here. (It) is cute.
The puppy <-It
Cataphora (Cataphoric Expression)
Points forwards
Eg. (It) suddenly appeared on the path a little ahead of me, staring in my direction and sniffing the air. (An
enormous grizzly bear) was checking me out.
It -> an enormous grizzly bear

Question 24

4 expression words of Deixis

Answer 24

• Personal Pronouns (Me, you, She, He)
• Demonstrative Pronouns / Determiner (This, That)
• Spatial Expressions (Here, There)
• Temporal Expressions (Now, tomorrow)

Question 25

What is presuppositions & implicatures about?

Answer 25

inferences

Question 26

What are 2 types of inferences in pragmatics?

Answer 26

Presuppositions
Implicatures

Question 27

Presuppositions:

Answer 27

Mutual assumptions

Question 28

Implicatures:

Answer 28

Read between the lines
What is implied

Question 29

What is the presupposition of:
Noah was late to work.

Answer 29

Presupposition:
Noah has a job

Question 30

What is the presupposition of:
The prime minister is a man.

Answer 30

Presupposition:
Australia has a prime minister

Question 31

What is the presupposition of:
Francine’s freestyle stroke has improved

Answer 31

Presupposition:
Francine swims and knows how to do freestyle

Question 32

What is the implicature of:
Muhammed is rich but unhappy

Answer 32

Implicature:
Being rich and unhappy are incompatible

Question 33

What is the implicature of:
The instructions to the venue were very clear. Even Kerry made it without getting lost.

Answer 33

Implicature:
Kerry is bad with directions

Question 34

What is the implicature of:
The children went to the party with their parents but they had a great time.

Answer 34

Implicature:
Children were not expected to have a good time

Question 35

Conversational Implicature assumption:

Answer 35

Conversation participants are following the cooperative rule
Eg of not following cooperative rule
Jane: Did you clean the bathroom and fold the laundry?
Tom: I folded the laundry.

Question 36

Grice’s Cooperative Principle

Answer 36

Make conversational contribution
- Such as is required
- At the stage at which it occurs
- By the accepted purpose of direction of the talk in which you are engaged

Question 37

4 Grice’s Maxims

Answer 37

Relevance (stay on topic)
Manner (be clear, avoid ambiguity)
Quantity (don’t say too much or too little, just right)
Quality (truthful)

Question 38

Relevance:
(4 Grice’s Maxims)

Answer 38

Stay on topic and be relevant

Question 39

Manner: (2)
(4 Grice’s Maxims)

Answer 39

Avoid ambiguity and obscurity
be brief and orderly

Question 40

Quantity (2)
(4 Grice’s Maxims)

Answer 40

Don’t say too much or too little
informative

Question 41

Quality
(4 Grice’s Maxims)

Answer 41

Do not say what you believe to be false or without adequate evidence

Question 42

3 components of Speech Act Therapy

Answer 42

Locution - form of expression (semantics of utterance)
Illocution - speaker’s intent
Perlocution - listener’s response

Question 43

3 types of Illocutionary Acts (Pragmatic Speech Acts)

Answer 43

Statements - providing information
Questions - asking
Commands - requests

Question 44

Direct Speech Acts

Answer 44

Syntactic structure (Declarative, Interrogative, Imperative) matches Pragmatic speech act / Intent (Statement, Command, Question)
Eg:
Syntactic Structure: Declarative (SV+)= Pragmatic speech act: Statement

Syntactic Structure: Interrogative (Wh-) = Pragmatic Structure: Question

Syntactic Structure: Imperative (V+) = Pragmatic speech act: Command

Question 45

Indirect Speech Acts

Answer 45

Syntactic structure (Declarative, Interrogative, Imperative) does not match Pragmatic speech act / Intent (Statement, Command, Question)
Eg
Can you give me some chocolate?
Syntactic Structure: Interrogative
Pragmatic speech act: Command
Therefore it is an indirect sentence