Module 8

Question 1

Is there any correlation between brain size and intelligence?

Answer 1

No

Question 2

What are the four regions of the brain?

Answer 2

The cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, and brain stem

Question 3

The ______ consists of two large hemispheres whose surfaces are distinguished by thick folds.

Answer 3

Cerebrum

Question 4

What are the thick folds in the cerebrum called? What are they separated by?

Answer 4

The thick folds are called gyri, and they are seperated by sulci.

Question 5

Each cerebral hemisphere is composed of how many lobes?

Answer 5

5

Question 6

What are the functions of the cerebrum?

Answer 6

conscious thought, memory storage, processing, and regulation of skeletal muscle contractions

Question 7

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

Answer 7

Coordination and modulation of motor commands from the cerebral cortex.

Question 8

What are the two parts of the diencephalon?

Answer 8

Thalamus and Hypothalamus

Question 9

What is the function of the thalamus?

Answer 9

relay and processing centers for sensory information

Question 10

What centers are contained in the hypothalamus?

Answer 10

emotions, autonomic function, and hormone production.

Question 11

If the hypothalamus contains centers involved with autonomic function, that must mean…

Answer 11

the “fight or flight” processes are dealt with in the hypothalamus

Question 12

What are the three parts of the brain stem?

Answer 12

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

Question 13

Describe the Midbrain

Answer 13

contains nuclei that coordinate visual and auditory reflexes. Also contains centers that help maintain consciousness

Question 14

Describe Pons

Answer 14

Pons connect the cerebellum to the brainstem, and contains nuclei that function in somatic and visceral motor control

Question 15

What does the Medulla Oblongata do?

Answer 15

Relays sensory information to other areas of brain stem and thalamus, also contains major centers that regulate autonomic function ex: heart rate, blood pressure.

Question 16

What are fissures?

Answer 16

deep grooves that subdivide hemispheres

Question 17

What are gyri?

Answer 17

folds in cerebral cortex that increase surface area

Question 18

What are sulci?

Answer 18

shallow depressions in cerebral cortex that separate adjacent gyri

Question 19

Name te 4 major regions of the brain and distinct structures of each.

Answer 19

cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon: thalamus, hypothalamus, brain stem: brain stem, pons, medulla oblongata

Question 20

What are the three cranial meninges from superficial to deep?

Answer 20

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

Question 21

All communication ( sensory and motor) between brain and spinal cord passes through

Answer 21

medulla oblongata

Question 22

What is the significance of pons?

Answer 22

Pons link cerebellum with midbrain, diencephalon, cerebrum, medulla oblongata, and spinal cord

Question 23

What is the most complex and integrative portion of brain stem?

Answer 23

Midbrain

Question 24

What does RAS stand for?

Answer 24

Reticular activation system

Question 25

Stimulation of RAS does what?

Answer 25

makes you more alert/attentive

Question 26

What is a red nucleus?

Answer 26

a component of midbrain that receives information from cerebrum and cerebellum that issues commands that affect upper limb position and background muscle tone.

Question 27

What are the two primary functions of the cerebellum?

Answer 27

1. Adjusting postural muscles to maintain balance and equilibrium 2. Programming and fine-tuning movements controlled at conscious and subconscious levels

Question 28

What are the three components of the diencephalon?

Answer 28

epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus

Question 29

Where is the final point for ascending sensory information to be relayed or projected to cerebral cortex?

Answer 29

Thalamus, it acts as a filter, only passing a small portion of sensory information

Question 30

What does the Hypothalamus contain?

Answer 30

important control and integrative centers such as hormonal centers and nuclei of autonomic centers that control cardiovascular and vasomotor centers of medulla oblongata

Question 31

What are the cerebral superficial landmarks?

Answer 31

central sulcus, precentral gyrus, postcentral gyrus

Question 32

Describe the central sulcus

Answer 32

deep groove dividing anterior frontal lobe from more posterior parietal love

Question 33

Describe the precentral gyrus

Answer 33

antrerior to central suclus, contains primary motor cortex of frontal lobe

Question 34

Describe the postcentral gyrus

Answer 34

posterior to central sulcus, contains primary sensory cortex of parietal lobe

Question 35

Each hemisphere receives sensory information from and sends motor information to....

Answer 35

the OPPOSITE side of the body

Question 36

TRUE or FALSE: Hemispheres may look identical but may have different functions

Answer 36

TRUE

Question 37

What are general senses?

Answer 37

Our sensitivity to temperature, pain, touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception.

Question 38

The size of the area each receptor monitors is known as...

Answer 38

receptive field

Question 39

Does receptive field vary?

Answer 39

Yes. Size of receptive field is inversely related to ability to accurately describe location of stimulus. They can be as large as 7 cm or as small as 1 mm.

Question 40

What is the difference between sensation and perception?

Answer 40

Sensation is information carried by the sensory pathway, perception is conscious awareness of sensation; what we believe to be true.

Question 41

Describe tonic receptors

Answer 41

Tonic receptors are always active, and the frequency of action potentials generated reflects the background stimulation level.

Question 42

Describe phasic receptors

Answer 42

Phasic receptors are normally inactive, and they become active transiently in response to changing conditions

Question 43

What are mechanoreceptors?

Answer 43

receptors that are sensitive to stimuli that distort the plasma membranes

Question 44

What are proprioceptors?

Answer 44

receptors that monitor the positions of joints and muscles in space

Question 45

What are baroreceptors?

Answer 45

Receptors that deter pressure changes.

Question 46

What is adaptation?

Answer 46

Adaptation is the reduction in sensitivity in the presence of a constant stimulus.

Question 47

What is the difference between fast and slow pain?

Answer 47

Fast pain is sharp, well localized, pricking, cutting pain. Slow pain is dull burning, aching, diffuse pain. Fast pain occurs alone large diamete, myelinated axons. Slow pain occurs along smaller diameter, poorly myelinated axons.