Module 8 Flashcards
What are three functions of blood?
1) Transport elements throughout body (ex. oxygen from lungs to body tissues, and carbon dioxide from body tissues to lungs to be exhaled)
2) Regulating body functions (ex. body temperature and pH)
3) Protecting the body through immune responses (ex. white blood cells migrate to a site of infection through blood)
What is the viscosity of blood?
4x more viscous than water –> maple syrup consistency
What is the temperature of blood?
38 degrees celcius
What is the pH level of blood?
Between 7.35-7.45
Whats the volume of blood in an individual?
average - 5L
What are the two main components of blood?
Plasma & Formed Elements
What percent of blood is made of plasma?
55%
What percent of plasma is water?
92%
What percent of plasma is solutes? What are the solutes?
8%
- 7% is (albumin, fibrinogen, and globulin)
What are the three formed elements that make up 45% of blood?
Erythrocytes (RBCs)
Thrombocytes (platelets)
Leukocytes (white blood cells)
Which types of formed elements in blood contain hemoglobin to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body?
Erythrocytes
What lack nuclei, making them “non-true cells” and are 8 micrometers in diameter, 2 micrometers thick, whose lifespan is about 120 days?
Erythrocytes
What lack nuclei, making them “non true cells” are round or spindle shaped discs, 2-4 micrometers in diameter, and originate from megakaryocytes in the red bone marrow.
Thrombocytes (platelets)
Where do thrombocytes originate from?
megakaryoctes in red bone marrow
What cells have a nucleus but do not contain hemoglobin?
Leukocytes (WBC)
What are the two divisions of leukocytes?
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes
Which division of leukocytes have granules in the cytoplasm of the cell and a segmented (lobed) nucleus?
Granulocytes
Which division of leukocytes don’t have granules in the cytoplasm nor do they have a segmented (lobed) nucleus? Instead, they have round/indented nucleus.
Agranulocytes
What are the three granulocytes?
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil
What are the most abundant WBC? (60-70%).
Neutrophils
What makes up 2-4% of WBCs?
Eosinophils
What are the least common granulocyte? <1% WBC
Basophils
What defends body against bacteria and are phagocytic outside blood and are the first line of defense against bacterial invasion.
Neutrophil
What has 2-6 lobes, usually three? And have lyososomal enzymes and bactericidal compounds, small granules, and have a neutral colour.
Neutrophil
What defends the body against allergic reactions or parasitic infections?
Eosinophil
What are bilobed, large spherical and uniform granules that stain pinkish-red?
Eosinophil
What has its nucleus obscured by dark granules. The granules play a role in anti-inflammatory and allergic reactions.
Basophil
Which ones. granules contain heparin and histamine and has 2-3 irregular lobes?
Basophil
What are two types of agranulocytes?
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
What accounts for 20-30% of WBC and is similar size to RBC. They also are involved in branch of immune system that attacks pathogens and abnormal cells. The nucleus is large and dark staining. The cytoplasm appears as narrow rim or halo around large nucleus - lymphocyte is pale staining and light blue in colour.
Lymphocytes
What accounts for 3-8% of WBCs and are very large in size (16-20 micrometers diameter). During their life cycle they can move outside of blood vessels into tissue, where they change into large phagocytic cells called macrophages and act as part of immune system. Cytoplasm is pale blue and more abundant than that of lymphocyte.
Monocyte
What are the three layers of blood vessels?
Tunica Externa
Tunica Media
Tunica Intima
What is the tunica externa made of?
Connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibres
What is the tunica media made of?
Smooth muscle and elastic fibres
What is the tunica intima made of?
Simple squamous epithelium (endothelium)
— are large arteries near the heart, such as the aorta. Main characteristics:
- large lumen
- tunica media has more elastic fibers than smooth muscles
- exhibit stretching and recoil characteristics
Elastic arteries
— deliver blood to various regions and organs of body
- thick tunica media with a lot of smooth muscle
- exhibit contractile characteristics
Muscular artery
Muscular arteries typically lead to large —, which then lead to smaller ones
- larger ones have three tunics but tunica media consists of only a few layers of smooth muscle
- small arterioles have a single layer of smooth muscle around the tunica intima
Arteriole
— are the smallest blood vessels and are the transition between arterioles (arterial system) and venules (venous system)
- diameters ranging from 8-10 micrometers
- consists of only tunica intima (layer of endothelial cells plus basement membrane thin)
capillaries
Smallest… resemble capillaries in structure as they consist of only one tunic
- smaller ones give rise to larger ones with three tuncis but each is very thin
- have much larger lumen and diameter compared to capillaries and arterioles
venule
Venules give rise to small… and ultimately large ones
- larger lumen compared to arteries
- far less muscle in tunica media compared to arteries
- have one-way valves that prevent backflow of blood
veins
Which has tunica media with more elastic fibres and as a result exhibits stretching and recoil characteristics?
Elastic artery
What consists of only a tunica intima and basement membrane?
Capillary
What consists of three tunics, large lumen, and valves to prevent backflow of blood?
Vein
Which has tunica media with lots of smooth muscle and vessel exhibits contractile characteristics?
Muscular artery
What has three tunics, but very thin
Venule
What has few to one layer of smooth muscle around an endothelium
Arteriole
What is pulmonary circulation?
Deoxygenated blood carried from heart to lungs. After gas exchange occurs, oxygenated blood returns to heart.
What is systemic circulation?
Carries oxygenated blood from heart to other organ systems/tissues of blood, except lungs. Deoxygenated blood from tissues return to heart.
Where does heart reside?
Mediastinum
What is the most inferior and lateral portion of the heart called?
Apex
What are the coverings/layers on top of heart called?
Pericardium
What are the two types of layers of pericardium?
Fibrous (outer)
Serous
What are the two types of serous pericardium?
- Parietal
- Visceral
What is between parietal and visceral pericardium? What does this do?
Pericardial space filled with pericardial fluid. Pericardial fluid decreases friction between two layers when the heart beats.
What are the four chambers of the heart?
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Left atrium
Left ventricle
What is the function of each atrium?
To receive blood from body and lungs before blood enters ventricles
What separates the left and right atria and is where fossa ovalis is found?
Interatrial septum
What is the fossa ovalis? Where is it found?
Depression in interatrial septum of right atrium. Embryological remnant of fetal foramen ovale, an opening which allowed movement of blood from the right to left atrium during fetal life.
What are extensions/pouches that project above the chambers of left and right atria, which increase capacity of each atrium called?
Auricles
What is the depression between the atria and ventricles encircling the heart? What does this also house?
Atrioventricular Groove (coronary sulcus)
- Also houses coronary vessels
What is the function of the ventricles?
Right - pump blood to lungs to become oxygenated
Left - pumps oxygenated blood to rest of body
What is a groove on external surface of heart that separates right ventricle from left ventricle and sits above interventricular septum?
Interventricular sulcus
What is a wall that separates the left and right ventricle?
Interventricular septum
What are irregular muscular ridges on the internal walls of each ventricle, formed by large ventricular muscles called?
Trabeculae Carneae (“cross-bars of flesh”)
What are the smaller muscular projections on the internal walls of ventricles that attach to valves of heart called?
Papillary muscle
What valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle?
Tricuspid valve/right atrioventricular valve
What structures does the tricuspid valve have?
Chorodae tendinae (thin strands of collagen fibres that attach to papillary muscles)
What valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle?
Bicuspid/mitral valve or left atrioventricular valve.
What valve is located between the left ventricle and aorta?
Aortic semilunar valve
What valve is located between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk?
Pulmonary semilunar valve
What drains deoxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium?
Pulmonary veins
What drains deoxygenated blood from upper body to right atrium?
Superior vena cava
What drains deoxygenated blood from coronary circulation to right atrium?
Coronary sinus
What drains deoxygenated blood from lower body to right atrium?
Inferior vena cava
What conducts oxygenated blood from left ventricle to body
Ascending aorta
What conducts deoxygenated blood from right ventricles to pulmonary arteries?
Pulmonary trunk
What conducts deoxygenated blood from pulmonary trunk to lungs?
Pulmonary arteries (right and left)
What is coronary circulation?
Heart supplying blood to self.
What are two names of right coronary artery branches?
Marginal
Posterior interventricular branch
What are two names of left coronary artery branches?
Circumflex
Anterior interventricular branch
What direction/shape are the arteries of coronary circulation?
Circle and loop schematic
What returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium (tributaries)?
Coronary Sinus
Great cardiac vein
middle cardiac vein
small cardiac vein
