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Pharm Exam 3 (Shelby) > Module 8 > Flashcards

Module 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the rate limiting step in the production of steroid hormones

A

Cholesterol to pregnenolone

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2
Q

What makes CRH in the hypothalamus?

A

Paraventricular nucleus

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3
Q

CRH goes into portal blood system and into _______

A

anterior pituitary

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4
Q

CRH binds to GPCR receptors on corticotrophs in the anterior pituitary to activate adenylyl cyclase which ultimalty does what?

A

release compounds store in corticotrophs such as ACTH

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5
Q

ACTH then goes to adrenal glands and activates the _______

A

adrenal cortex

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6
Q

Neuromodulators of ACTH release: Agonist

A

dopamine

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7
Q

Neuromodulators of ACTH release: receptor analogs

A

Somatostatin

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8
Q

what are examples of adrenal steroidogenesis inhibitors

A

ketoconazole and mitotane

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9
Q

Adrenal steroidogenesis inhibitors inhibit one or more steriodogensis pathway but NOT

A

Cholesterol or pregnenolone

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10
Q

examples of Glucocorticoid receptor antagonist

A

Mifepristone

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11
Q

The adrenal gland comprised of outer region

A

cortex

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12
Q

the cortex of the medulla is controlled by

A

SNS

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13
Q

What lipid-soluble hormone does the zona glomerulosa produce

A

Aldosterone (Mineralocorticoids)

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14
Q

What lipid-soluble hormone does the zona fasciculata produce

A

Cortisol (glucocorticoids)

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15
Q

What lipid-soluble hormone does the zona reticularis produce

A

Androgens (sex hormones)

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16
Q

Adrenal gland contains _______ to make pregnenolone from cholesterol (Phosphorylates cholesterol ester via hydrolase)

A

Enzyme cholesterol desmolase (SCC)

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17
Q

The zona glomerulosa does NOT have _______ and therefore cannot make cortisol or the androgens/estrogens

A

17 α-hydroxylase

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18
Q

_______ production is linked to 17 α-hydroxylase

A

Aldosterone

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19
Q

ACTH maintains secretory activity of

A

adrenal cortex CRH

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20
Q

ACTH targets adrenal glands and operates via _______

A

cAMP

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21
Q

Glucocorticoid effects: Maintaining

A

Carbohydrate reserves

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22
Q

Glucocorticoid effects: Increase hepatic and _______

A

extrahepatic gluconeogenesis

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23
Q

Glucocorticoid effects: Increase in

A

proteolysis and lipolysis

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24
Q

Glucocorticoid effects: increases urinary nitrogen excretion (-N balance)

A

Nitrogen balance decreases

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25
Q

What is the feed back of the glucocorticoid effects

A

ACTH secretion (inhibits)

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26
Q

Exogenous glucocorticoids have anti-inflammarory effect/suppress immune system

A

inhibits prostaglandin synthesis

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27
Q

Without what there will be:
* hyponatremia
* hypovolemnia
* hyperkalemia
* mild acidosis
* cardiacarrhythmia
* hypotension
* muscle weakness
* coma which leads to death

A

Aldosterone

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28
Q

Aldosterone: promotes Na + reabsorption via _______ on basolateral surface of cells

A

Na + /K+ pump

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29
Q

Secretion of aldosterone is _______ of ACTH

A

independent

30
Q

_______ are most important signals for aldosterone secretion

A
  • Electrolyte balance
  • MAP
  • Angiotensin II
31
Q

juxtaglomerular apparatus secretes aldosterone through?

A

RAAS

32
Q

Are steroid hormones stored?

A

NO (lipophilic)

33
Q

Over production or to much exogenous administration of glucocorticoids can cause?

A

Hyperadrenocorticism

34
Q

Excess GC can cause glomerular dysfunction causing?

A
  • proteinuria
  • albuminuria
  • glomerulosclerosis
35
Q

what are things in animals that can cause an excess of GC endogenously

A
  • Pituitary tumor (ACTH)
  • Ectopic ACTH secretion
  • Adrenal tumors
  • Cushings
36
Q

what do glucocorticoids influence?

A

influence:
* vascular tone
* BP
* electrolyte homeostasis

37
Q

what converts 11-deoxycortisol to cortisol?

A

11B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11B-HSD)

38
Q

what are the two distinct isoforms of GCs

A

11B-HSD1 and 11B-HSD2

39
Q

presentation of hyperadrenocorticism

A

Glomerular disease:
* Secondary to altered Starling’s Forces
* Hyperfiltration
* Proteinuria
* Glomerulosclerosis
* CKD (maybe)

40
Q

what does mifepristone block in order for it to be a glucocorticoid receptor antagoinst

A

progesterone

41
Q

Islets of the pancreases are richly innervated

A

(SNS + PNS)

42
Q

cell types of the pancreas include

A
  • alpha
  • beta
  • delta
43
Q

what cell type of the pancreas is this? 20% glucagon (catabolic)

A

alpha

44
Q

alpha cell of pancreas: actions restricted to liver (output=glucose, _______)

A
  • acetoacidic acid
  • beta-hydroxybutyric acid
45
Q

which pancreatic cell type is this? 60-75%, insulin (anabolic)

A

beta

46
Q

beta pancreatic cell type: Actions on

A
  • skel. muscl, liver, adipose
  • (input =carbos, lipid, protein)
47
Q

which pancreatic cell type is this? few, somatostatin

A

delta

48
Q

where is glycogen found in the largest quantity?

A

skeletal muscle, adipose and liver

49
Q

Only liver can release hydrolyzed glycogen to blood & is called what

A

Glucose 6 phosphatase (hepatic only)

50
Q

glycogen synthase results in

A

glycogen synthase to make glycogen (positive)

51
Q

glycogen degradation: Liver gives up sugar for fight or flight

A

glycogen plus phosphorylates

52
Q

the islet of the pancreas is

A

highly vascularized

53
Q

Glucagon is a _______

A

polypeptide

54
Q

Glucagon is a poly peptide meaning it results in?

A

transcription/translation and secreted by exocytosis

55
Q

glucagon is constructed as a prepro-pre-glucagon and it has a _______ half life

A

SHORT

56
Q

Glucagon: Promotes hepatic lipiddegradation leads to

A

LCFA

57
Q

Glucagon actions are mediated by?

A

cAMP or IP3

58
Q

LCFA oxidation

A

ketogenesis

59
Q

cAMP regulatory effects mediated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase _______

A

A (PKA)

60
Q

EPI plus adrenergic receptor activates

A

PKA

61
Q

what Phosphorylates glycogen phosphoryl kinase

A

adenylate cyclase

62
Q

Alternate fate of plus is decarboxylation to Acetyl-CoA (pyruvate dehydrogenase)

A

pyruvate

63
Q

Hepatic LCFA plus CAT (carnitine acyltransferase) is Inhibited by

A

Malonyl CoA

64
Q

Conversion of proinsulin to insulin occurs in

A

storage granule

65
Q

T1/2 < _______; insulinase (hepatic, renal, sk musc)

A

10 min

66
Q

Glucose binds to beta-cell _______

A

Glut-2 receptor

67
Q

Glucose binds to beta-cell Glut-2receptor then is oxidized to ATP which closes K + channels and opens Ca channels which leads to _______

A

exocytosis

68
Q

Insulin receptor is _______

A

tetrameric (2α 2 β)

69
Q

(triacylglycerols) (lipase) is digested to fattyacids and 2-monoglycerides which is resynthesized intotriacylglycerols and then put in chylomicrons (what molecule is this for)

A

lipids

70
Q

(pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase,carboxypeptidase, aminopeptidases) turned into amino acids

A

proteins

71
Q

(amylase, maltase, isomaltase, sucrase, lactase)→ monosaccharides (glu) and energy or stored- Glucose oxidized to CO2 and H2 O- Stored in liver (glycogen)- Excess converted to fatty acids + glycerol(triacylglycerols) VLDL

A

Carbs

Pharm Exam 3 (Shelby) (3 decks)

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