MODULE 7 - PREVENTION AND CTRL

Question 1

Vaccine against MTB is called

Answer 1

BCG (Bacillus of Calmette and

Guerin)

Question 2

BCG is consists of a live attenuated strain derived from [?]. It is given at birth (or anytime after birth) as a single dose by
intradermal route. It is a component part of the National Immunization
Program in the Philippines.

Answer 2

Mycobacterium bovis

Question 3

The BCG vaccine is not 100% effective. Studies suggest a [?] % effective
rate in children.

Answer 3

60-80%

Question 4

The BCG vaccine does not prevent [?], only disease. BCG given at
earliest possible age protects the possibility of TB meningitis and other TB
infections in which infants are prone.

Answer 4

infection

Question 5

The BCG vaccine cannot circumvent [?] in previously exposed individuals

Answer 5

disease reactivation

Question 6

BCG Vaccination may complicate the way the tuberculin skin test is read
because it causes [?]. In places that do not vaccinate, the skin test may be used to monitor the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy.

Answer 6

false positives

Question 7

Prompt initiation of effective TB treatment of people with TB disease is recommended to reduce MTB transmission.

Answer 7

Treatment

Question 8

Treatment is given to individuals who are at risk of developing active TB disease to reduce that risk and transmission. Also referred to as LTBI treatment or preventive therapy.

Answer 8

TB Preventive treatment (TPT)

Question 9

Covering one’s mouth when coughing minimizes the spread of potentially infectious aerosols, including those laden with MTB. Surgical face masks should be used among patients presumed or confirmed to have infectious PTB until they are deemed non-infectious.

Answer 9

Respiratory separatio

Question 10

[?] people with presumed or demonstrated infectious TB is recommended to reduce MTB transmission

Answer 10

Isolation

Question 11

have greatly reduced M. bovis infections.

Answer 11

Eradication of tuberculosis in cattle; pasteurization of milk

Question 12

Control measures depend on:
1. Prompt and adequate treatment of all discovered cases.
2. Follow up on sources of infection and their contacts so they can be
treated.
3. Educating people about sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including
providing information about the proper use of barrier contraceptives.
4. Serologic screening of high-risk populations should be performed, and to
avoid congenital syphilis, pregnant women should undergo serologic
testing during early and late pregnancy.

Answer 12

Treponema pallidum

Question 13

Chemoprophylaxis — The antibiotics of choice are [?, ?]. Since mycoplasmas lack a cell wall, the penicillins and
cephalosporins are ineffective.

Answer 13

• tetracycline (adults only)

- erythromycin

Question 14

Patient isolation is a problem due to the long duration of the disease. It is
problematic to isolate patients to avoid close contact for a long period of
time

Answer 14

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Question 15

No vaccines are currently available

Answer 15

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Question 16

• Isolation of patients
• Chemoprophylaxis and constant surveillance of high risk populations to
  discover early cases, particularly among those in close contact
  (household members and/or relatives) with diseased persons
• Therapeutic trials may also be indicated for patients whose signs and
  symptoms are suggestive of the disease but who do not have a definitive
  diagnosis

Answer 16

Leprosy prevention

Question 17

is primarily controlled by prompt antimicrobial therapy which is most effective when performed before permanent damage to nerves
and other tissues has occurred

Answer 17

M. leprae infection

Question 18

can be prevented by good personal and public hygiene, especially improvements in measures to avoid overcrowding and in delousing

Answer 18

Louse-borne relapsing fever

Question 19

is best prevented by practices that limit exposure to ticks includes wearing protective clothing, rodent control, and the use of repellents

Answer 19

Tick-borne relapsing fever

Question 20

Prevention is based on avoidance of exposure to ticks. Protective clothing must be worn and repellents should be used in areas where the risk of tick exposure is possible

Answer 20

Borreliella (formerly Borrelia) burgdorferi

Question 21

Attached ticks should be removed immediately because pathogen
transmission is associated with the length of attachment

Answer 21

Borreliella (formerly Borrelia) burgdorferi

Question 22

Environmental control of ticks by application of insecticides can reduce the
number of tick larvae for a season

Answer 22

Borreliella (formerly Borrelia) burgdorferi

Question 23

• Control measures include:
- Rodent elimination and drainage of contaminated waters.
- Preventing exposure to potentially contaminated water and reducing contamination by rodent control by wearing protective clothing (e.g., boots and gloves) in situations involving possible occupational
exposure.
- Short-term prophylaxis consisting of weekly doxycycline therapy may be appropriate in high-risk groups with expected occupational exposure.

Answer 23

Leptospira interrogans