Module 7: Organic Chemistry Flashcards
hydrocarbons
compounds made of hydrogen and carbon
types of hydrocarbons
- aromatic hydrocarbons (contain 1 or more benzene rings)
- aliphatic compounds (other hydrocarbons where C atoms are bonded to chains or non-aromatic rings)
hydrocarbon chain compounds are further classified into…
families based on the individual C-C bonds
alkanes
hydrocarbon compound with all C-C single bonds
- saturated compound
alkenes
hydrocarbon compounds with at least one C-C double bond
- unsaturated compound
alkynes
hydrocarbon compounds with at least one C-C triple bond
- unsaturated compound
cyclic hydrocarbons and types
hydrocarbon compounds where C atoms join to form a closed ring structure
- saturated or unsaturated
*C-C single bond = cycloalkanes
*C-C double bond = cycloalkenes
*C-C triple bond = cycloalkynes
saturated compounds
compounds with the same bond type
unsaturated compounds
compounds with multiple bond types
representing organic molecules
*molecular formula
e.g. C3H8, (identifies number of carbon atoms, not arrangement)
*structural formulae
–> expanded formula (shows each atom and its bond with other atoms)
–> condensed formula (shows overall arrangement, condenses alkyl ground e.g. CH3)
–> skeletal structure
(carbon chain arrangement, not atoms)
homologous series. provide example and formula
a group of compounds with the same general formula e.g. Cn H2n+2 (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes)
straight-chain alkalines
the first 10 alkanes are called straight chain alkanes because the C atoms are joined in a continuous chain
who names hydrocarbons.
IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry)
why is it important to have universally understood names for chemical compounds?
Creates a single scientifically accepted name for an organic compound. Ensures consistency despite language differences.
substituents
Other atoms or groups of atoms attached to the main (parent) chain
if a substituent is a carbon group, what is it called?
alkyl group
naming conventions
Prefix (no. of C):
Meth = 1
Eth = 2
Prop = 3
But = 4
Pent = 5
Hex = 6
Hept = 7
Oct = 8
Suffix (nature of bonds):
Single bonds = ane
Double bonds = ene
Triple bonds = yne
alcohol = anol
aldehydes = anal
ketones = one
carboxylic acid = noic acid
amine = amine
amide = amide
Carbon atoms in branched chain (substituents):
Methyl = 1 C
Ethyl = 2 C…
functional groups
specific group of atoms within a molecule that undergoes change in a reaction, it gives the molecules their characteristic properties
organic chemistry
chemistry of carbon and its compounds
general molecular formulas of functional groups
alkane - C(n) H(2n+2)
alkene - C(n) H(2n)
alkyne - C(n) H(2n-2)
hydroxyl (alcohol) - C(n) H(2n+1)
what is the functional group of alcohol
hydroxyl (alcohol) - R-OH
distinguish between primary, secondary and tertiary alcohol
P - OH –> 1C –> 1C
S - OH –> 1C –> 2C
T - OH –> 1C –> 3C
uses of alcohol
fuels, alcoholic drinks, solvents, disinfectant
positional vs chain isomers
P - position of -OH
C - rearrangement of carbon chain (e.g. 1 less carbon on chain so 1 substituent added)
(same molecular structure)
