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HSC Chemistry > Module 7: Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Module 7: Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

hydrocarbons

A

compounds made of hydrogen and carbon

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2
Q

types of hydrocarbons

A
  1. aromatic hydrocarbons (contain 1 or more benzene rings)
  2. aliphatic compounds (other hydrocarbons where C atoms are bonded to chains or non-aromatic rings)
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3
Q

hydrocarbon chain compounds are further classified into…

A

families based on the individual C-C bonds

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4
Q

alkanes

A

hydrocarbon compound with all C-C single bonds
- saturated compound

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5
Q

alkenes

A

hydrocarbon compounds with at least one C-C double bond
- unsaturated compound

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6
Q

alkynes

A

hydrocarbon compounds with at least one C-C triple bond
- unsaturated compound

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7
Q

cyclic hydrocarbons and types

A

hydrocarbon compounds where C atoms join to form a closed ring structure
- saturated or unsaturated

*C-C single bond = cycloalkanes
*C-C double bond = cycloalkenes
*C-C triple bond = cycloalkynes

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8
Q

saturated compounds

A

compounds with the same bond type

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9
Q

unsaturated compounds

A

compounds with multiple bond types

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10
Q

representing organic molecules

A

*molecular formula
e.g. C3H8, (identifies number of carbon atoms, not arrangement)

*structural formulae
–> expanded formula (shows each atom and its bond with other atoms)
–> condensed formula (shows overall arrangement, condenses alkyl ground e.g. CH3)
–> skeletal structure
(carbon chain arrangement, not atoms)

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11
Q

homologous series. provide example and formula

A

a group of compounds with the same general formula e.g. Cn H2n+2 (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes)

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12
Q

straight-chain alkalines

A

the first 10 alkanes are called straight chain alkanes because the C atoms are joined in a continuous chain

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13
Q

who names hydrocarbons.

A

IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry)

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14
Q

why is it important to have universally understood names for chemical compounds?

A

Creates a single scientifically accepted name for an organic compound. Ensures consistency despite language differences.

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15
Q

substituents

A

Other atoms or groups of atoms attached to the main (parent) chain

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16
Q

if a substituent is a carbon group, what is it called?

A

alkyl group

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17
Q

naming conventions

A

Prefix (no. of C):
Meth = 1
Eth = 2
Prop = 3
But = 4
Pent = 5
Hex = 6
Hept = 7
Oct = 8

Suffix (nature of bonds):
Single bonds = ane
Double bonds = ene
Triple bonds = yne
alcohol = anol
aldehydes = anal
ketones = one
carboxylic acid = noic acid
amine = amine
amide = amide

Carbon atoms in branched chain (substituents):
Methyl = 1 C
Ethyl = 2 C…

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18
Q

functional groups

A

specific group of atoms within a molecule that undergoes change in a reaction, it gives the molecules their characteristic properties

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19
Q

organic chemistry

A

chemistry of carbon and its compounds

20
Q

general molecular formulas of functional groups

A

alkane - C(n) H(2n+2)
alkene - C(n) H(2n)
alkyne - C(n) H(2n-2)
hydroxyl (alcohol) - C(n) H(2n+1)

21
Q

what is the functional group of alcohol

A

hydroxyl (alcohol) - R-OH

22
Q

distinguish between primary, secondary and tertiary alcohol

A

P - OH –> 1C –> 1C
S - OH –> 1C –> 2C
T - OH –> 1C –> 3C

23
Q

uses of alcohol

A

fuels, alcoholic drinks, solvents, disinfectant

24
Q

positional vs chain isomers

A

P - position of -OH
C - rearrangement of carbon chain (e.g. 1 less carbon on chain so 1 substituent added)

(same molecular structure)

25
Q

carbonyl compounds and examples

A

compounds containing a C atoms double bonded to oxygen atom e.g. aldehydes and ketones

26
Q

aldehydes (alkanal)

A

hydrocarbons which contain a carbon-oxygen double bond at a terminal carbon on the carbon chain

27
Q

types of carbon chains

A

chain, branched, cyclic, aromatic

28
Q

what can you say about substances with the same functional group?

A

you can expect them to undergo similar types of reactions as the functional group is the most reactive part of the molecule

29
Q

functional group of aldehydes and ketones

A

carbonyl C=O

30
Q

ketones

A

hydrocarbons which contain a carbon-oxygen double bond at a non-terminal carbon on the carbon chain

31
Q

what types of compounds are aldehydes and ketones

A

carbonyl compounds

32
Q

types of alcohols

A

primary, secondary, tertiary

33
Q

primary alcohol

A

-OH → 1C → 1C

34
Q

secondary alcohol

A

-OH → 1C → 2C

35
Q

teritary alcohol

A

-OH → 1C → 3C

36
Q

functional groups of carboxylic acids

A

COOH (oxygen double bonded to carbon with an additional hydroxl group off the same carbon)

37
Q

homologous series have the same…

A

general formula and functional group

38
Q

Amine

A

Amine functional group (NH2) attached to one or more C atoms
→ Found as amino acids, the building blocks of proteins

39
Q

Amide

A

NH2 attached to a C atom double bonded to an oxygen
→ Formed when an amine reacts with a carboxylic acid

40
Q

Halogenated organic compounds

A

→ hydrocarbons containing halogen atoms
→H atom replaced with a halogen atom
→ F, Cl, Br, I are commonly used

41
Q

isomer

A

A series of compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae

42
Q

isomer types

A
  • chain
  • positon
  • function
43
Q

chain isomers

A

Same molecular formula but different arrangement of C skeleton

* Different C chain length
* Include 1+ side branches

44
Q

position isomers

A

Same molecular formula and carbon skeleton but different location of functional group

* Change location of bond or functional group

45
Q

Functional group isomers

A

Same molecular formula and carbon skeleton but structural differences of functional group that changes the series it belongs to

* Differing position of atoms gives different series

46
Q

do isomers have the same physcial properties?

A

no, because the structure affects the strength of intramolecular and intermolecular bonding thus affecting physical properties e.g. the attractive force of neighbouring molecules in 1-butanol is stronger than that of 2-butanol

47
Q
A

HSC Chemistry (2 decks)

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