Module 7: MEMORY Flashcards
What is Hyperthermia?
Is an ability that allows people to remember nearly every event of their life with great precision.
What is Memory?
The system that senses, organizes, alters, stores, and retrieves information.
What is Information-Processing Model?
Assumes the processing of information for memory storage is similar to the way a computer processes memory in a series of three stages.
What is the three processes of memory?
Encoding: Converting environmental and mental stimuli into memorable brain code.
Storage: “Holding on” in encode information.
Retrival: Pull information for storage.
What is Parallel Distribution Processing (PDP) Model?
Memory processes are proposed to take place at the same time over a large network of neutral connections.
What is Level-of-Processing Model?
Assumes information that is more “deeply processed”, or processed according to its meaning rather than just the sound or physical characteristics of the word or words, will be remembered more effectively and for a longer period of time.
What is Main Process?
Pattern recognition
– icons
– echos
What is Capacity?
Large but not unlimited.
What is Duration of Sensory Codes?
Very brief.
What is Selective Attention?
The ability to focus on one stimulus from among all sensory input.
What is Short-term Memory?
Memory system in which information is held for brief periods of time while being used.
What is Working Memory?
An active system that processes the information in short-term memory.
What is Encoding?
Primarily in auditory form.
What is the limited capacity?
About 3 to 5 items.
What is Chunking?
It’s bits of information are combined into meaningful units, more info can be held in STM.
What is Duration?
About 12 to 30 seconds without rehearsal
– Maintenance rehearsal
What is Long-term memory?
System of memory into which all the information is placed to be kept more or less permantly
Capacity:
Seemingly unlimited
Duration:
Relatively permanent
What is Elabative Rehearsal?
A method of transferring information from STM into LTM by making that information meaningful in some way.
What is Procedural memory (implicit)?
Motor skills, habit, classically conditioned reflexes.
What is Declarative memory (explicit)?
Semantic memory:
Facts, general knowledge.
Episodic memory:
Events experienced by a person.
What is a Retrieval cue?
A stimulus for remembering
• The more cue stored with a piece of information, easier the retrieval.
State-dependent learning
Memories formed during a particular physiological or psychological state will be easier to remember while in a similar state.
What is Tip-of-the-tongue?
One feels as though one knows information but can be only generate bits and pieces (e.g., recalling a name)
What is False positive?
Occurs when one thinks that one recognized someone or something but in fact does not.
What is Loftus’s “protester” study?
What people see and hear after the fact can change their memory
– Eyewitness testimony not always reliable
What is Flashbulb memories?
Automatic encoding due to unexpected, highly emotional event
What is Misinformation effect?
Is the tendency for the information you learned after an event to interfere with your original memory.
What is Forgetting?
The failure to properly store information for future use.
What is Encoding failure?
Failure to process information into memory.
What is Memory trace?
Physical change in the brain that occurs when a memory is formed.
What is Decay?
Loss during memory due to the passage of time, during the which the memory trace is not used.
What is Proactive interference?
Information learned EARLIER interferes with information learned LATER.
What is Retroactive interference?
Information learned LATER interferes with information learned EARLIER.
What is the Procedural Memories?
Cerebellum
What is Short-term memories?
Prefrontal contex and temporal lobes
What is Semantic and Episodic memories?
Frontal and temporal lobes (different locations than for STM)
What is the hippocampus, and what is its functions?
It plays a vital role in the formation of new declarative memories.
What is Retrograde?
Loss of memory from the point of some injury or trauma backward, or loss of memory for the past.
What is Anterograde?
When memory for anything new becomes impossible, although old memories may still be retrievable.
What is Infantile amnesia?
The inability to retrieve memories from much before age 3
(Most likely due to the implicit nature of infant memory)
