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Final exam patho > Module 7 > Flashcards

Module 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Axon

A

Projection transmit impulses Away from the cell body

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2
Q

Dendrites

A

Projections transmit toward the cell body

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3
Q

Terminal boutons

A

Tiny bulges at the end of axon that communicate with neurons, muscle fibers or glands

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4
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Surround same axons and increase the rate of impulse transmission

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5
Q

Schwann Cell

A

Produce the Myelin sheath

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6
Q

Nodes of ranvier

A

Separate the Schwann cell

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7
Q

White matter

A

Bundles of myelinated nerves

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8
Q

Synapse gap

A

The gape between the neurons

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9
Q

Presynaptic terminal

A

Terminal bouton or similar

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10
Q

synaptic cleft

A

Space between neurons

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11
Q

Postsynaptic cell membrane

A

opposite ends of the presynaptic terminal

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12
Q

Afferent

A

Transmit impulse from sensory towards the CNS (brings info to the brain)

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13
Q

Efferent

A

Sends directions from your brain to muscles and gland

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14
Q

Somatic

A

Voluntary (skeletal muscle movement)

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15
Q

Autonomic

A

involuntary (keeps your heart beating, breathing etc.)

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16
Q

Sympathetic

A

flight or fight

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17
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Rest/digestive, relex

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18
Q

Electrical impulses

A

Neural impulses are generated by small ionic changes

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19
Q

Action potential

A

ability to create this charge

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20
Q

Resting potential

A

charge at rest

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21
Q

Meninges

A

Membranes that encase the CNS

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22
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

The plasma-like liquid that fills the space between the arachnoid and the Pia mater layers provides additional cushion and support

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23
Q

Dura mater

A

is the outer and toughest layer

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24
Q

arachnoid layer

A

is the middle layer with a spider web-like vascular system

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25
Q

Pia mater

A

is the innermost layer

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26
Q

Neurons

A

Generate and transmit bioelectrical impulses

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27
Q

Neurons facts

A
  • Do not divide
  • Losses due to age and injury
  • not all cell death results in loss of functioning
    -undamaged neurons in the brain will assume functions of damaged neurons
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28
Q

Neurons facts 2

A

-severed brain and spinal cord axons can’t be repaired
-a spinal cord can result in paralysis and loss of sensation below the damaged area
-constant oxygen and glucose supply if not can be hypoxia and hypoglycemia

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29
Q

Electrical impulses steps

A
  1. protein gates open and sodium flows into the cell, increasing the charge called depolarization
  2. rapid outflow of positively charged potassium ions immediately following depolarization to return to resting potential
  3. impulses travel down the nerves, triggering the release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic terminal
  4. the neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft only in one direction, to stimulate an electrical reaction in nearby neurons.
  5. electrical reaction passes through those neurons to the next synapse. then repeat
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30
Q

some neurotransmitters inhibit action potential

A

TRUE

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31
Q

At each synaptic transmission, a small burst of neurotransmitters is released and then either destroyed by enzymes or reabsorbed by the postsynaptic membrane to be recycled for the next transmission.

A

TRUE

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32
Q

How many cervical

A

8

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33
Q

How many Thoracic

A

12

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34
Q

How Many lumbar

A

5

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35
Q

How many Serum

A

5

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36
Q

How many coccyx

A

1

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37
Q

How many cranial nerves

A

12

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38
Q

Where do most nerve fibers pass through?

A

Most of the many nerve fiber pass through branches that terminate in the reticular formation

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39
Q

Reticular formation

A

Acts like a gatekeeper, receiving all incoming and outgoing information

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40
Q

How does the reticular formation sends impulses?

A

The reticular formation sends impulses to the cerebral cortex through specialized nerve fibers that make up the reticular activation system

41
Q

What are the reticular formation and reticular activation systems responsible for?

A

The reticular formation and reticular activation system are responsible for alertness during the day and can prevent sleeping at.

42
Q

Basal ganglia

A

plays a pivotal role in coordination, motor movement, and posture

43
Q

Limbic system

A

Works with the hypothalamus to influence instinctive behavior, emotions, motivation, mood, pain, and pleasure.

44
Q

Gyri

A

folds that increase the surface area.

45
Q

Sulci

A

grooves between the gyro

46
Q

Cerebrum facts

A
  • Largest of the region
    -controls the higher thought process
    -surrounded by the cerebral cortex
    -divided into R/L hemisphere
47
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Thin layer of gray matter

48
Q

White matter?

A

lies beneath the gray matter and contains bundles of axons that transmit impulses from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord. enhancing communication and coordination of activities

49
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Voluntary motor activity and plays a role in personality traits

50
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Receives and interprets sensory input with the exception of smell, hearing, and vision

51
Q

occipital lobe

A

processes visual information

52
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Hearing and memory

53
Q

Motor

A

Stimulates muscle activity

54
Q

Sensory

A

Receives and sensory information

55
Q

Association

A

integrates information and initiates coordinated response

56
Q

Thalamus

A

Receives and relays most of the sensory input, affects mood, and initiates body movements

57
Q

Subthalamus

A

Participates in motor activities

58
Q

Eithalamus

A

functions unclear

59
Q

Hypothalamus

A

is the most inferior portion of the diencephalon that regulates many bodily functions

60
Q

Brain Stem facts

A

-connects the brain to spinal cord
-crucial for many basic body functions
-injury can lead to death
-collaborates with hypothalamus to regulate vital activities
-main thoroughfare for info traveling to and from brain
-10/12 cranial never exit from the brain stem

61
Q

Pons

A

Contains nerves that regulate sleep and breathing

62
Q

Midbrain

A

the smallest region
-acts as a relay station for auditory and visual info and controls visual and auditory systems as well as eye movement

63
Q

Where does the spinal cord exit?

A

exits the skull through the foramen magnum

64
Q

Where does the spinal cord extends?

A

extends through the vertebral canal to L2

65
Q

Anterior spinothalamic tract

A

A sensation of light, touch, pressure, tickling, itching

66
Q

Lateral spinothalamic tract

A

allow the sensation of pain and temperature

67
Q

Spinocerebellar tract

A

establish the body’s position relation to the cerebellum

68
Q

Corticospinal tract

A

coordinate movements especially the hands

69
Q

Vestibulospinal tract

A

responsible for involuntary movements

70
Q

Reticulospinal tract

A

also responsible for involuntary movement

71
Q

Spinal reflex arcs

A

process that creates an unconscious response to stimuli

72
Q

Flexor reflex

A

Withdraw reflex in response to touching an unpleasant stimulus. Stimulus without conscious action

73
Q

What tracts regulates impulses?

A

The tracts of the spinal cord and brain

74
Q

Nerves

A

Bundles of nerve fibers each fiber is part of the neuron

75
Q

How does nerves transport messages?

A

To and from the CNS

76
Q

Ganglia

A

collections of nerve cell bodies outside of the CNS

77
Q

Sensory nerves or afferent nerves carry impulses?

A

From specific part of the body to the brain

78
Q

Dermatome

A

area of the skin innervated by a given pair of spinal sensory nerves

79
Q

the motor nerves or efferent nerves carry impulses?

A

from the brain to the corresponding muscle receptor, resulting in muscle contraction and movement

80
Q

interneurons

A

connect the sensory and motor neurons in the spinal cord

81
Q

Plexus

A

several nerves intersecting to form an organized collaboration

82
Q

plexuses located in the cervical

A

C1-C4

83
Q

plexuses located in the brachial

A

C5-T1

84
Q

plexuses located in the lumbar

A

L1-L4

85
Q

plexuses located in the sacral

A

L4-S4

86
Q

Autonomic

A

-controls smooth muscle
- unconscious response that affects activities like HR, BP, and intestinal motility

87
Q

Alterations may result in

A
  • impaired physical mobility
  • chronic pain
  • impaired social interaction
    -incontinence
    -Risk for injury
  • self-care deficit
88
Q

Congenital neurologic disorders

A
  • Hydrocephalus
    -Spinal Bifida
    _ Cerebral palsy
89
Q

Infectious neurologic disorders

A
  • meningitis
  • Encephalitis
  • Zika virus disease
90
Q

Traumatic neurologic disorders

A

-Brain injury
- spinal cord injury

91
Q

Vascular neurologic disorders

A
  • Transient Ischemic attack
  • Cerebral vascular accident
  • Cerebral aneurysm
92
Q

Chronic degenerative disorders

A

-Multiple sclerosis
- Parkinson disease

93
Q

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

A

-Myasthenia gravis
- Huntington’s disease

94
Q

Dementia

A

-Alzheimer disease
-Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
-AIDS dementia complex

95
Q

Cancers of the nervous system

A

Brain tumors

96
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Excess CSF accumulation within the skull
- may present at birth or develop later in life

97
Q

Hydrocephalus types

A

-CSF flow disruption
-noncommunicating or obstructive

98
Q

Hydrocephalus manifestations in infants

A

-unusually large head
-rapid increase in head size
- bulging fontanel
-vomiting
lethargy
- irritability
-high-pitched cry
-feeding difficulties
-seizures
-eyes that gaze downwards
-development delay

99
Q

Hydrocephalus manifestations in adults/older children

A

-headache followed by vomiting
-nausea
-blurred vision or diplopia
-sluggish pupil response to light’
-eyes that gaze downward
-uncoordinated movements
-extreme fatigue
-slow/regression of development
-memory loss
-confusion
-urinary incontinence
-irritability
-personality changes
-impaired Performance in school/work

Final exam patho (1 decks)

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