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PMLS 1 > Module 6 Unit 1 - PRINCIPLES OF BIOHAZARD AND BIOSAFETY > Flashcards

Module 6 Unit 1 - PRINCIPLES OF BIOHAZARD AND BIOSAFETY Flashcards

1
Q

“Revised Rules and Regulations Governing the Licensure and Regulation of Clinical
Laboratories in the Philippines”, the establishment of biosafety and biosecurity manual in a
clinical laboratory creates a safe work environment.

A

DOH Administrative Order No. 2007-0027

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2
Q

refer to anything in the environment that has the potential to cause harm

A

Hazards

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3
Q

the possibility that something bad or unpleasant (such as an injury or loss) will
happen.

A

risk

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4
Q

aims to provide all employees (clinical
laboratory personnel included) a safe work environment.

A

Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)

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5
Q

When was the OSHA enacted, and by who?

A

enacted by the US
congress in 1970

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6
Q

is the governing body responsible for ensuring and monitoring the implementation of the standards set by the above-mentioned act. It is authorized to conduct on-site inspections to determine whether an employer is complying with the mandatory standards.

A

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (also OSHA)

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7
Q

The (blank) exposes its workers to a variety of (blank), some of which are not seen in other (blank).

A

The clinical laboratory exposes its workers to a variety of hazards, some of which are not seen in other workplaces.

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8
Q

include all pathogen or disease-causing microorganisms. These microorganisms are frequently present in the specimens that are processed in the clinical laboratory.

A

Biohazards

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9
Q

illustrates how pathogens are transmitted. Understanding it is essential for one to identify measures that will prevent infection.

A

chain of infection

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10
Q

o The disease-causing microorganism

A

INFECTIOUS AGENT / PATHOGEN

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11
Q

Animate/ inanimate object where the infectious agent is found normally
living

A

RESERVOIR

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12
Q

Examples of reservoirs

A

human reservoir (infected patient), animal reservoir, and inanimate reservoir

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13
Q

Routes and means utilized by the microorganism to escape from the reservoir

A

PORTAL OF EXIT

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14
Q

Method of conduction from the reservoir to the susceptible host

A

MODE OF TRANSMISSION

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15
Q

Modes of Transmission

A

Contact, Airborne, Common Vehicle, and Vector-borne

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16
Q

Types of Contact Transmission

A

Direct, Indirect, Droplet

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17
Q

Involves actual contact/ close proximity of the infected individual and the susceptible host

A

Direct contact

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18
Q

Subtypes of Direct Contact

A

Vertical & Horizontal

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19
Q

“Mother-to-baby” transmission

A

Vertical

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20
Q

Classifications of Vertical Transmission

A

Prenatal/ Transplacental Transmission & Perinatal Transmission

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21
Q

Transfer of infectious agent happens
BEFORE birth usually by crossing the
placenta

A

Prenatal/ Transplacental Transmission

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22
Q

Transfer happens during passage through the birth canal

A

Perinatal Transmission

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23
Q

Transmission from a person to another person within a group; No specificity when it comes to the involved hosts

A

Horizontal Transmission

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24
Q

Includes Transmission by Fomites

A

Indirect contact

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25
Q

Non-living object that may transmit an infectious disease (Examples include tissues, handkerchiefs, towels, doorknobs, bedding, etc. )

A

Fomites

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26
Q

Respiratory particles of moisture containing an infectious agent

A

Droplets

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27
Q

How are droplets expelled into the air?

A

Coughing, sneezing, and even by talking

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28
Q

Diameter, distance, and time of droplets

A

> 5 micrometers, <1 meter (short distances), seconds to minutes (fast)

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29
Q

Pathogen is spread through droplet nuclei (remnants after evaporation of droplets)

A

Airborne Transmission

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30
Q

Diameter, distance, and time of droplets

A

<5 micrometers, >1 meter (long distances), minutes to hours

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31
Q

Transfer of infectious agents by an inanimate medium

A

Common Vehicle Transmission

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32
Q

Types of inanimate medium

A

Soil, water, and food

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33
Q

Types of Common Vehicle Transmission

A

Waterborne, Soil-borne, and Foodborne

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34
Q

Pathogens are spread by contaminated water, usually with untreated or poorly treated sewage

A

Waterborne

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35
Q

Diseases transmitted via Waterborne Transmission

A

cholera and leptospirosis

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36
Q

pathogens usually develop in soil and is subsequently acquired by the susceptible host from the soil

A

Soil-borne transmission

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37
Q

Soil Transmitted Helminths (STH)

A

Hookworm, Ascaris, Trichuris

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38
Q

Diseases transmitted via Soil-borne

A

Hookworm infection and Ascariasis

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39
Q

Pathogens are transmitted in foods that are incompletely cooked, poorly refrigerated, or prepared under unsanitary conditions

A

Foodborne

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40
Q

Diseases transmitted via foodborne

A

tapeworm infection

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41
Q

Invertebrates capable of harbouring infectious agent

A

Vector

42
Q

Utilizes mechanical vectors
The infectious agent WILL NOT develop while being transported by the vector

A

Mechanical transmission

43
Q

Utilizes biological vectors
The infectious agent WILL develop while being transported by the vector

A

Biological transmission

44
Q

Routes through which the pathogen enter the host

A

PORTAL OF ENTRY

45
Q

If not followed, no development or milder version of disease will form

A

Preferred portal of entry

46
Q

If Vibrio cholerae will enter via the GI tract, will cholera develop?

A

Yes

47
Q

If Vibrio cholerae will enter through the respiratory tract, will cholera develop?

A

No

48
Q

Unhealthy/ sick individual or patient

A

SUSCEPTIBLE HUMAN HOST

49
Q

Components found in the 3-Part Model

A

Source, Transmission, Host

50
Q

Symbol used by the 3-part model

A

biohazard symbol

51
Q

Also included in the 3-part model in order to break the chain in each component

A

Preventive measures

52
Q

Not known to consistently cause
diseases in healthy adults

A

Biosafety Level 1
Agent

53
Q

Bacillus subtilis,
Mycobacterium gordonae

A

Biosafety Level 1
Agent

54
Q

common agents associated with human disease
percutaneous injury, ingestion, and
mucous membrane exposure

A

Biosafety Level 2
Agent

55
Q

Escherichia coli, Hepatitis B
virus, Human
Immunodeficiency Virus,
Influenza virus

A

Biosafety Level 2
Agent

56
Q

indigenous/ exotic agents
may cause serious/ lethal disease via inhalation or exposure

A

Biosafety Level 3
Agent

57
Q

Bacillus anthracis, Francisella,
Brucella, Mycobacterium
tuberculosis, Mold stages of
systemic fungi

A

Biosafety Level 3
Agent

58
Q

dangerous or exotic agents which pose HIGH individual risk aerosol-transmitted laboratory infections that are frequently fatal
NO vaccines or treatments

A

Biosafety Level 4
Agent

59
Q

Ebola virus, Lassa virus, Viruses
that cause hemorrhagic
fevers

A

Biosafety Level 4
Agent

60
Q

The risk group classification is utilized by both?

A

National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the
World Health Organization (WHO)

61
Q

NIH Guidelines

Agents not associated with
disease in healthy adult humans

A

Risk Group 1

62
Q

NIH Guidelines

Agents associated with human
disease that is rarely serious and
for which preventive or
therapeutic interventions are
often available.

A

Risk Group 2

63
Q

NIH Guidelines

Agents associated with serious or
lethal human disease for which
preventive or therapeutic
interventions may be available
(high individual risk but low
community risk).

A

Risk Group 3

64
Q

NIH Guidelines

Agents likely to cause serious or
lethal human disease for which
preventive or therapeutic
interventions are not usually
available (high individual risk and
high community risk).

A

Risk Group 4

65
Q

WHO Laboratory Biosafety Manual

No or low individual and community
risk
A microorganism unlikely to cause
human or animal disease.

A

Risk Group 1

66
Q

WHO Laboratory Biosafety Manual

Moderate individual risk; low
community risk
pathogen that can cause human
or animal disease but is unlikely to be
a serious hazard. Laboratory
exposures may cause serious
infection, but effective treatment
and preventive measures are
available and the risk of spread of
infection is limited.

A

Risk Group 2

67
Q

WHO Laboratory Biosafety Manual

High individual risk; low community
risk
pathogen that usually causes
serious human or animal disease but
does not ordinarily spread from one
infected individual to another.
Effective treatment and preventive
measures are available

A

Risk Group 3

68
Q

WHO Laboratory Biosafety Manual

High individual and community risk
pathogen that usually causes
serious human or animal disease and
can be readily transmitted from one
individual to another, directly or
indirectly. Effective treatment and
preventive measures are NOT usually
available

A

Risk Group 4

69
Q

Guidelines & regulations are set by the (blank) to prevent exposure to biohazards.

A

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

70
Q

personnel should treat all blood and blood-contaminated samples as potentially infectious
did not treat other bodily fluids that are not visibly contaminated with blood as potentially infectious

A

Universal Precautions (UP)

71
Q

all body fluids and moist body substances to be potentially infectious
Main flaw: Did not recommend hand washing following removal of gloves unless visual contamination is present

A

Body Substance Isolation (BSI)

72
Q

Combined major features of universal precautions and body substance isolation
Most commonly implemented by clinical laboratories
Essentials include proper hand washing, utilization of personal protective equipment (PPE), and preventing exposure to potentially infectious aerosols/ droplets

A

Standard Precautions (SP)

73
Q

ESSENTIALS OF STANDARD PRECAUTIONS

A

PROPER HAND WASHING, UTILIZATION OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE), and BIOSAFETY CABINETS (BSC)

74
Q

Single most effective way of controlling the spread of infectious diseases

A

PROPER HAND WASHING

75
Q

Steps in Proper Hand Hygiene in Health Care Setting (based on WHO guidelines)

A

a. Wet hands with clean, running water and apply soap.
b. Rub hands together to make a lather
c. Rinse hand with clean water
d. Dry hands with single-use towel and use towel to turn off the faucet

76
Q

Duration of rubbing hands

A

20 seconds or 2 happy birthday songs

77
Q

Protective clothing, helmets and other garments designed to protect the
wearer’s body from injury or infection

A

UTILIZATION OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)

78
Q

Common PPE worn by laboratory personnel

A

Laboratory gown, Scrub suits, Head cover, Goggles, Respirators, Rubber boots and overshoes, Medical Mask, and Face Shield

79
Q

*Steps to put on PPE

A
  1. Always put on PPE when handling viral cases
  2. Dressing and undressing should always be supervised by another member of the team
  3. Gather all necessary equipment beforehand. Put on scrub suit in changing room.
  4. Put on rubber boots or closed, puncture and fluid resistant shoes and put on overshoes.
  5. Place impermeable gown over scrubs.
    6a. Put on face mask
    6b. Put on goggles.
  6. If available, wear head cover.
  7. Perform hand hygiene.
  8. Put on gloves over cuff.
  9. If impermeable gown is not available, place waterproof apron over gown.
80
Q

Device that encloses a workplace in such a way that protects the workers from
exposure to aerosols that may potentially contain infectious disease agents

A

BIOSAFETY CABINETS (BSC)

81
Q

Air that may contain infectious agent is sterilized by passing through the?

A

HEPA filter

82
Q

Meaning of HEPA Filter

A

High Efficiency Particulate Air Filter

83
Q

pore diameter of HEPA filter

A

diameter of 0.3 micrometers

84
Q

Removes air-suspended materials having diameter greater than 0.3 um and is capable of removing up to 99.97% of air-suspended materials

A

HEPA filter

85
Q

Open Front BSC

A

Biosafety Cabinet Class I

86
Q

Allow room (unsterilized) air to pass into the cabinet and around the
working area and the materials within
 Does not protect the sample/ product from possible
contamination

A

Biosafety Cabinet Class I

87
Q

Before being exhausted from the cabinet: Air passes through HEPA
filter, sterilizing the air to be exhausted
 Protects the worker and the environment from potentially
infectious aerosols

A

Biosafety Cabinet Class I

88
Q

BSC I provides worker and environment (blank) BUT (blank) provide product/
sample protection.

A

BSC I provides worker and environment protection BUT DOES NOT provide product/
sample protection.

89
Q

Protects the worker from potentially infectious aerosols; Also capable of
protecting the sample from possible contamination

A

Biosafety Cabinet Class II

90
Q

Air passes through HEPA filter BEFORE flowing over the materials within

A

Biosafety Cabinet Class II

91
Q

Air to be exhausted first passes through HEPA filter

A

Biosafety Cabinet Class II

92
Q

70% of air is recirculated to the working area; 30% of air is exhausted

A

BSC Class IIA

93
Q

30% of air is recirculated to the working area; 70% of air is exhausted

A

BSC Class IIB1

94
Q

No recirculation of air; Total exhaust of air through an exhaust HEPA filter

A

BSC Cass IIB2

95
Q

AIR EITHER PASSES THROUGH THE (blank) TO BE (blank) TO THE WORKING AREA OR IT WILL PASS THROUGH THE (blank) TO BE (blank) OF THE CABINET

A

AIR EITHER PASSES THROUGH THE SUPPLY FILTER TO BE RECIRCULATED TO THE WORKING AREA OR IT WILL PASS THROUGH THE EXHAUST HEPA FILTER TO BE EXHAUSTED OUT OF THE CABINET

96
Q

BSC class II does not provide worker protection, product/ sample protection, and
environmental protection. True or False?

A

False. BSC class II provides worker protection, product/ sample protection, and
environmental protection.

97
Q

Completely enclosed and are equipped with glove ports; Infectious material
within is handled with rubber gloves that are attached and sealed

A

Biosafety Cabinet Class III

98
Q

Minimal Risk; Only Biosafety Level 1 agents are encountered
Practices include the essentials of Standard Precautions
Does not utilize Biological Safety Cabinets, only needs hand washing facilities

A

Biosafety Level I (BSL-1)

99
Q

Biosafety Level II (BSL-2)
Moderate Risk; Biosafety Level 2 agents are likely to be encountered by the
workers
Includes additional practices such as performing aerosol-generating procedures in BSC Class I or BSC Class II

A

Biosafety Level II (BSL-2)

100
Q

High risk; Biosafety Level 3 agents are encountered by the workers
In addition to BSL 2 practices, BSL-3 also includes additional practices such as Performing aerosol-generating procedures in BSC Class I, Class II, or
Class III

A

Biosafety Level III (BSL-3)

101
Q

Extreme risk; Biosafety Level 4 agents are encountered in the workplace
In addition to BSL 3 practices, also includes:
 Clothing change before entering
 Shower on exit
 Special protective clothing
 Requiring performance of procedures inside BSC Class III

A

Biosafety Level IV (BSL-4)

PMLS 1 (2 decks)

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