module 6- Understanding Residential Construction – Structural Components

Question 1

The Association of Ontario Land Surveyors (AOLS) is
responsible for the licensing and governance of
professional land surveyors. They can be a useful
resource because the AOLS keeps a list of land
surveyors, their affiliated company, and their locations.

Answer 1

The Association of Ontario Land Surveyors (AOLS)

Question 2

what can survey help with?

Answer 2

A survey also shows many other considerations that may influence the ability to
construct, modify, or demolish a structure, to obtain financing, or to settle a boundary dispute.

Question 3

why should buyers look at surveys?

Answer 3

For example, a secondary structure could have been developed on the land, or the house could have been
expanded with a deck or family room addition. An older survey will not show these improvements and there is a risk that if these were constructed without a permit, there could be possible encroachments or non-compliant
construction. While you may observe additions or changes not shown on an older survey, it is imperative for the buyer’s lawyer to examine the survey for potential problems and provide the appropriate advice to the buyer.

Question 4

GeoWarehouse®

Answer 4

GeoWarehouse® is a web-based, centralized property
information database that provides in-depth reports of
properties. You will learn more about this later.
GeoWarehouse® provides the following information:
• Land Registry information
• Municipal Property Assessment Corporation
(MPAC) assessment data
• Property ownership information
• Sales history data
• Images of the property
• Accurate lot dimensions

Question 5

Municipal Property Assessment Corporation (MPAC)

Answer 5

MPAC has several different reports available that a
salesperson may use. The Enhanced Residential Market
Value Report, for example, contains the information
from all the other MPAC reports and can provide details
about a property that can allow it to be used as a source
document when verifying lot sizes. A property’s
frontage, depth, and site area are all included in this
document. Another report may be used to verify total
above grade square footage.

Question 6

Additional Secondary Sources

Answer 6

When the primary source document (i.e., a survey), is
not available various secondary sources may be used to
obtain the lot size. These documents include the
municipal property tax statement and the Notice of
Assessment, which is sent to the property owner from
MPAC. Although these documents provide a lot size, the
information should be verified using other sources
whenever possible, or by contacting the municipality
directly.

Question 7

how to measure a lot accurately ?

Answer 7

when measuring a lot include all measurement whenever its possible

Question 8

provide total lot area using?

Answer 8

square feet or meters!

Question 9

brokerage policies regarding measurements:

Answer 9

individual brokerage measurement practice may defer confirm with employing brokerage

Question 10

typical error in measurements

Answer 10

1- make certain not to transpose figures
2- ensure frontrage measurement come first not rear or side
3- avoid getting confused over decimals and feet and inches

Question 11

Listing data sheet

Answer 11

• it is the paper you fill out to list a property
• always double check measurement when preparing the data sheet for submission
• never take lot size from a different listing, always double check yourself it is correct

Question 12

how to convert empirical to metric:

Answer 12

feet/inches to MULTIPLY BY 0.3048
square feet to square meter MULTIPLY BY 0.0929
Acres to Hectores MULTIPLY BY 0.4047

Question 13

how to convert metric to empirical:

Answer 13

meter to feet MULTIPLY BY 3.281
squre meter to square feet MULTIPLY BY 10.76
Hectores to Acres MULTIPLY BY 2.471

Question 14

the survey real property report (SRPR) consist of you:

Answer 14

1- plan of survey diagram

2-written report

Question 15

what does the SROR include ?

Answer 15

legal description, dimension/boundaries, survey movement placement, easement, location of property improvement, visible encroachment

Question 16

what should the seller do if he have a survey of the property?

Answer 16

the seller must provide the existing survey to the buyer per the agreement of purchase and sale ( OREA AGREEMENT OF PURCHASE AND SALE, FORM 100)

Question 17

the buyer may require a new survey?

Answer 17

yes, but typically as his own expense, unless otherwise negotiated between the buyer and the seller

Question 18

what should be done if a buyer or a seller ask a name of a surveyor?

Answer 18

I must ensure several names are provided ( 3 or more)

Question 19

the Association of Ontario land surveyors ( AOLS) licenses surveyors

Answer 19

because surveys are copyrighted and cannot be reproduced without permission

Question 20

things to be careful about with survey?

Answer 20

it might be outdate or incomplete, because building alterations may have been made after the survey was completed

• a up to date survey is one that is current and reflect the present situation regarding the property

Question 21

what are different house types ?

Answer 21

1- detached
2- semi-detached
3- attached
4-link

Question 22

detached house type?

Answer 22

freestanding and not attached to any other structure

Question 23

semi-detached house type?

Answer 23

two attached structures separated by a party wall

Question 24

detached house type?

Answer 24

• freestanding and not attached to any other structure

- advantage include wide variety of architecture, privacy and more space

Question 25

semi-detached house type?

Answer 25

two attached structures separated by a party wall

• it is similar to an attached property that both share a party wall but there is only one vertical party wall separating both units

Question 26

attached house type?

Answer 26

• several structures connected through one or more party walls/ shared walls
• one that is an end unit will only have one party wall
• they are very popular with home buyers because they are typically less expensive

-These are connected through one or more party walls (or shared walls). An attached
structure that is an end unit will have only one party wall. These types of properties are popular with many
home buyers because they are typically less expensive to build due to the party wall.

Question 27

link house type?

Answer 27

-appear to be be like detached homes

but are very similar to semi-detached they both share a wall with another property, the difference is linked are connected below grade level ( i.e the basement)
- it is connected by a common wall

• connected by garage too

Question 28

bungalows

Answer 28

The overall layout of a bungalow is contained within a single floor. The defining characteristic is a
lack of stairs within the living area.

Question 29

Ranch-style bungalow:

Answer 29

A ranch-style bungalow also contains the living area within a single floor but can be
differentiated from a bungalow. In most locations, a ranch-style structure can be identified by a long, low-pitch
roofline and asymmetrical rectangular, L-shaped, or U-shaped layout.

• require a large lot

Question 30

Bi-level bungalow:

Answer 30

A bi-level structure often contains a front door foyer that functions as a split entrance and
divides the upper and lower areas of the property. In this structure, the lower level is raised above the grade of
the property allowing for more window and daylight exposure to that area.

• higher basement an bigger windows

Question 31

Split-level structure:

Answer 31

The layout of a split-level structure can vary between the number of levels (ranging
between three and five), the location of the entrances (front, side, and rear), and the configuration of the
rooms for each level. A split-level structure can be one of two designs. A side-split design is where the levels
are separated width-wise on the lot. A back-split design is where the levels are separate front to rear.

Question 32

One-and-one-half storey structure:

Answer 32

it is typically identified through approximately 60% of their living area
contained on the first floor and with the second floor reduced in usable area due to a slanted roof line that
restricts the ceiling height

• dormers

Question 33

Two-storey structure:

Answer 33

: It is a popular style as it features a second floor of equal living space and ceiling height. A
two-storey structure could also include some areas that are a single storey only; for example, a rear family
room attached to the main two-storey structure. It is more economical to achieve the overall size of a home by
choosing a two-storey structure rather than a ranch-style bungalow, as the expense of the foundation is only
incurred for approximately 50% of the total area.

-main and full upper floor with separate sleeping areas

Question 34

Two-and-one-half storey structure:

Answer 34

It is similar to a two-storey structure, but provides an additional half storey
on the top floor. Many times, this area can be limited in ceiling height

-similar to two story with an additional 1/2 story on top

Question 35

split level

Answer 35

flexible but contain many stairways

Question 36

townhouses

Answer 36

style varies to : split level entrance, two storey and bungalows

Question 37

duplex

Answer 37

two attached units either vertically or horizontally ( separated or common entrance)

Question 38

triplex

Answer 38

three attached units

Question 39

fourplex

Answer 39

four dwelling units

Question 40

parking pads :

Answer 40

problem exists with homeowners who have created illegal parking pads.

in toronto, a metal plaque confirming legal status is fixed to the front of the house

• ask the seller for a copy of the annual invoice issued by the municipality to confirm legal status
• when drafting offer include clause on the legality of parking pads

Question 41

three important rule for foundation:

Answer 41

• transmit structural weight to the footing
• acts as a retaining wall to withstand pressure form outside soil

-transmit structural weight below the frost line to avoid heaving

Question 42

Poured concrete driveway

Answer 42

Poured concrete driveways are a common type used for
residential properties because they are relatively easy to
install.

-. A benefit of this finish is that the concrete can be
poured to form patterns or sections

• concrete
  driveways need to be sealed with a chemical compound,
  often on an annual basis, to prevent staining and
  moisture penetration from vehicle leakage.

-This
treatment also delays or prevents concrete from scaling
and flaking. This type of driveway finish is expensive
when compared to other types.

Question 43

Carport

Answer 43

Unlike a garage, a carport is not completely enclosed.
Carports may be extensions of a properties roof
structure that is used for covered parking. The
extension to the roof is typically supported by two walls
and can have multiple openings for access to the
vehicle

Question 44

Asphalt paved driveway

Answer 44

Asphalt, paved driveways are a very popular surface
used for vehicle parking. A benefit of asphalt as a finish
is that it is less expensive to install than concrete.

-Asphalt however, requires more maintenance than
concrete from cracking but is generally easier to repair.

Question 45

Stamped concrete driveway

Answer 45

-A stamped concrete driveway consists of concrete
poured on a surface. Before it dries, it is flattened with
moulds of a brick pattern or patterned design.

-The
concrete mixture can be combined with accent colours
to provide a more visually appealing appearance.

-It is
relatively expensive to install

Question 46

Gravel driveway

Answer 46

Gravel driveways can be a popular option for
homeowners, particularly in more rural areas. Over
time, gravel can compact and provide a firm surface for
parking. The maintenance for this type of driveway
finish is minimal, but potholes may form and require
filling to prevent damage to vehicles.

Question 47

Interlocking pavers

Answer 47

Interlocking paving stones can be made from either
cement, concrete, or brick and shaped so that they are
able to interlock with other pavers of the same shape,
like a jigsaw puzzle.

Question 48

Exposed aggregate

Answer 48

Exposed aggregate driveways are a relatively popular
trend in driveway finishes and can vary in terms of
colours and sizes. This style of driveway is formed by
using a specialized concrete mix that combines the
unique aggregates exposed on the surfac

Question 49

Residential Parking Pads

Answer 49

A parking pad is a type of front yard parking often used in more urban areas that have few available parking
options. Although requirements may vary across municipalities, typically parking pads must be constructed from
water permeable materials such as interlocking bricks, and not concrete or asphalt.

-Parking pads can be an issue for buyers because they may have been built without permission from the
municipality, making them illegal,

Question 50

Concrete block foundations

Answer 50

An alternative to conventional poured concrete is prebuilt, concrete blocks. This foundation material is less
commonly used due to its cost and maintenance issues
(i.e., deteriorating mortar between concrete blocks),
however, this can vary based on municipalities.

Question 51

Brick/stone foundations

Answer 51

Common in older houses, brick and stone foundations
are durable and have long lifespans, but have largely
been replaced with concrete as it is a less expensive
material

-This will flake and deteriorate over time, and will require
refilling the voids where old mortar has fallen out. This
can be both a cosmetic and functional problem.
Depending on the severity of the damage, masonry
foundation issues can lead to moisture penetration and
structural issues

Question 52

Insulated concrete forms (ICFs)

Answer 52

Insulated concrete forms use polystyrene building
components that function as a permanent interlocking
form in which the concrete is poured. This building
material is easy to use, contributes to insulation,
enhanced damp-proofing, and reduced fire hazard risk.

Question 53

Damp-proofing materials

Answer 53

Synthetic material can be attached to the exterior
surface of the foundation for protection against
moisture.

Question 54

Inward foundation deflection

Answer 54

This occurs when the foundation is not able to provide
sufficient lateral support against the soil surrounding it,
pushing the walls inward. T

Question 55

Foundation cracks

Answer 55

Cracks in the foundation could lead to water
penetration or infestation of insects and vermin. These
cracks are sometimes caused by concrete shrinkage.

Concrete will shrink as it cures and dries. Changes in
temperature, such as warm to cool to intense heat, may
interrupt this curing process which can cause cracks in
the cement, leading to structural problems over time.

Question 56

Foundation moisture penetration

Answer 56

The penetration of moisture through the foundation is a
problem that can lead to serious foundation damage. If
the damp-proofing fails, then efflorescence (i.e., a
coating of salt on the surface of a porous material) may
occur on the inside walls. Efflorescence is a chemical
reaction between water and concrete, and nearly always
indicates moisture penetratio

Question 57

Out of plumb

Answer 57

-Posts or columns built out of plumb or have been
pushed out of plumb, that is they are no longer in a
vertical position, lose their strength and are unable to
maintain their structural function.

-The load that a post
or column is supporting is no longer balanced if that
post of column becomes out of plumb

Question 58

Inadequate footing

Answer 58

An inadequate footing refers to a footing that is unable
to properly support the foundation and prevent settling.
Concrete footings are placed under all load-bearing
parts of the foundation, such as foundation walls,
columns, posts and piers. A post sinking is often the
result of either a non-existent or inadequately sized
footing

Question 59

Undersized component

Answer 59

An undersized column, one that is too small, or one that
may have suffered mechanical damage, may collapse
and not adequately support its load.

Question 60

Unsecured component

Answer 60

A post that is not properly secured to a beam located
above it may cause the structure to shift during wind
uplift forces (i.e., any upward pressure applied to a
structure that has the potential to raise it relative to its
surroundings).

Question 61

Moisture damage

Answer 61

Masonry posts may deteriorate due to moisture or poor
mortar. Rising dampness is a common problem with
brick columns and can be identified by deteriorated
mortar and efflorescence (i.e., a white salt deposit)
located on the bottom of the post.

Question 62

Rust

Answer 62

Rust is a primary concern for posts or columns
constructed with steel. Rust is often found in a
chronically flooding basement, and it will quickly reduce
the load-carrying capacity of a steel post.

Question 63

Fire damage

Answer 63

Fire will damage wood and steel posts. A steel beam will
fail much earlier due to the heat than a solid wood post,
but it will not burn.

Question 64

Wall problems

Answer 64

-One of the most common ways to determine
possible foundation damage is inspecting the
structure’s interior and exterior walls. A shifting
foundation can put stress on the wall systems and
lead to cracking, particularly evident in drywall and
plaste

-Cracking is most obvious around doors, windows,
and in the corners. Exterior finishes of the structure,
such as brick masonry and stucco, may also contain
cracks. This is an indication to consider a
professional inspection of the foundatio

Question 65

Wall problems

Answer 65

-One of the most common ways to determine
possible foundation damage is inspecting the
structure’s interior and exterior walls. A shifting
foundation can put stress on the wall systems and
lead to cracking, particularly evident in drywall and
plaste

-Cracking is most obvious around doors, windows,
and in the corners. Exterior finishes of the structure,
such as brick masonry and stucco, may also contain
cracks. This is an indication to consider a
professional inspection of the foundation

Question 66

Door/window misalignment

Answer 66

Misalignment of both windows and doors are clear signs
of potential foundation problems. These problems can
be identified initially in subtle ways, such as doors that
may stick, or windows that are more difficult to open
and close. As the problem progresses, it could lead to
doors not aligned enough to completely close

Question 67

Water movement

Answer 67

Soil adjacent to the structure’s foundation can cause
shifting and cracking in the foundation depending on its
grading (i.e., the sloping of the ground away from the
structure). How water drains around a structure can be
an indicator of the need for a foundation inspection.

-During rainy weather, if the water appears to run
towards, rather than away from the structure, this
could lead to excess moisture in the soil near the
foundation and to foundation problems. This is called
negative grade and is often identified by home
inspectors.

Question 68

Chimney separation

Answer 68

-For properties with a chimney, a quick visual inspection
of the chimney and its pillars, joints, and mouldings can
help identify potential foundation issues. If a chimney
begins to separate from the structure, it could be a sign
that the foundation of the property may have begun to
shift, in a similar way to the misalignment of windows
and doors.

-One way to identify chimney sag is to stand across the
street from the property and do a visual plumb,
comparing the vertical angle of the chimney to the roof
line or some other component of the house.

Question 69

Types of Framing Systems

Answer 69

Platform framing :
Platform framing includes a wood floor joist and subfloor system that’s installed on the top of the foundation. After
this, the studs are erected over this system. The platforms or floors are constructed for each structure level, then
the wall framing is placed on each platform.

An example of this could include a two-storey house in which a second-floor platform would be assembled on the
top of the studs, and then a second set of studs would be added over the top of that one.

Question 70

Balloon framing

Answer 70

Balloon framing is a construction technique that uses conventional wood studs and floor joists. The wall studs are
built before the floor system and those studs run from the foundation of the structure to the roof line. The walls are
constructed first, then the floor systems are hung from those walls, with long wood studs running from the bottom
of the structure to the top.

Question 71

Balloon framing

Answer 71

Balloon framing is a construction technique that uses conventional wood studs and floor joists.

-Balloon framing is rarely used as a construction technique, primarily because there is no fire break between floors.
Fire from the first floor can travel up the wooden studs without being blocked by the floor of the second storey.

Question 72

Nailing and openings

Answer 72

The improper placement of nails or using an
inadequate number of nails can lead to complications
with a residential framing system (i.e., the framing
system not being securely attached together) as
construction progresses. This can result in openings in
walls for windows and doors that may not be correctly
framed, such as wall sections over the opening sagging
if the openings are not bridged with the appropriate
lintels (i.e., horizontal support across the top of a door
or window opening). Other indicators could be doors
and windows that are out of alignment and therefore
do not open or close properly

Question 73

Condensation

Answer 73

A significant concern for residential framing systems is
condensation damage (e.g., rot) to the studs in the
exterior walls. This occurs when insulation is being
replaced in older houses. If no plastic vapour barrier is
installed over the warm side of the insulation, then
condensation can form, causing the wooden studs to
rot.

This problem can be difficult to spot during a visual
inspection, because these components are concealed in
the structure and problems may be present for a long
time before damage is noticed. Peeling paint can
sometimes be an indication of a wall condensation
problem

Question 74

Low-quality lumber/blocking and bracing

Answer 74

Studs constructed from poor quality lumber are more
likely to warp, twist, or bow. This can affect the integrity
of the framing system. A sign that the studs have
twisted or warped is bulging or cracked drywall, which is
expensive to repair because the damaged studs would
need to be removed and replaced

Question 75

Beam

Answer 75

A beam is a long structural component, typically made
of either wood (solid wood or built-up wood, such as
laminated veneer wood), plywood, or steel. The beam,
which is attached to the top of the foundation walls,
carries the floor and wall loads horizontally to the
foundation

Question 76

Joists

Answer 76

Joists – typically made from wood, and more recently,
metal, plywood, or wafer board – are a series of
horizontal components that support a floor, ceiling, or
roof when attached to beams. The materials used for
joists are specialized in their design and engineering
and should not be substituted.

Question 77

Springy floors

Answer 77

Springy floors refer to a deflection (i.e., change of
direction) of the floor. It’s important to note that the
Building Code permits a certain amount of this to
occur. Springy floors can be identified by a pliable
feeling when pressure is applied to them.

Typically, this can be caused when the wood of the
subfloor is too thin. This may lead to the subfloor
failing under a concentrated load (e.g., a large piano or
heavy cabinetry). A potential solution to springy floors
is to add bridging or an additional layer of plywood
over the subfloor to eliminate the deflection.

Question 78

Squeaky floors

Answer 78

A squeaky floor or subfloor can be identified by an
audible sound being emitted when pressure is applied
to it. This problem is often caused by inadequately
attaching the subfloor, which leads to poor contact
between the subfloor and the joists.

Question 79

Water-damaged floors

Answer 79

Water damage can be identified by floor discolouration,
a change in texture, or a musty odour. As the wafer
board often used for subfloor soaks up water, much like
a sponge, a small amount of water can cause swelling
that results in an uneven floor.

Question 80

Uneven floors

Answer 80

Uneven floors can be identified visually by sections of
the floor that are not level when compared to others.
Although more of a cosmetic problem than a structural
one, uneven subfloor can be caused by the irregular
installation of joists, debris on top of the joists when the
subfloor is laid, swelled wafer boards, and the
delaminating of plywood (i.e., layers become split)

Question 81

Wall Systems for Residential Structures

Answer 81

The wood frame walls in the framing system are load-bearing and carry the weight of the roof and floors down to
the foundation. These may be either interior or exterior walls. Studs provide space for insulation and surfaces to
secure interior and exterior finishes, such as drywall or brick veneer.

Question 82

Residential Wall Potential Problems and Problem Indicators

Answer 82

Moisture- Moisture, a recurring problem for structures made of
wood, can cause rotting, wood swelling, and infestation
of termites

Question 83

Termites

Answer 83

Termites, small, pale soft-bodied insects that feed on
wood, can be a problem for any building component
made of wood, including wall systems. Termites feed on
wood but live in the soil. In colder climates, termite
colonies are usually located below the level of frost
penetration and typically close to a moisture source.
Termites travel by moving through wood, soil, or shelter
tubes they construct.

Question 84

Cracked walls

Answer 84

Cracked walls can be a sign of serious and potentially
ongoing structural damage.These cracks often begin
with windows, doorways, or building corners and can be
identified by a quick inspection of the structure’s walls

Question 85

Wood rot

Answer 85

Wood rot is a form of deterioration that can occur in any
type of wood caused by conditions related to
temperature, moisture, and oxygen. Wood rot can be
identified visually by its brown, decayed appearance
caused by a fungus attacking the wood cells, causing the
cells and the wood to collapse.

Question 86

Visible nails

Answer 86

Drywall screws and nails will begin to loosen over time,
which causes the drywall to move and push the head of
the nail or screw outward, leading to a bubbling or
blistering of the drywall. This bubbling or blistering is
called a nail pop. The bulging wall can be fixed by resecuring the drywall to the framing with new nails and
using a hammer to depress the popping nails back to
their original location. After the drywall is re-secured,
sanding and painting the area can eliminate the visible
bulge from the nail pops.

Question 87

Internal and External Drainage Systems and Components

Answer 87

Drainage is a system of drains, either artificial or natural, used to remove water. Several components are involved
with this process, such as piping, conduits, ditches, swales, or drainage devices for the run-off of water on land and
in proximity to the building structure on both surface and sub-surface levels. Basements require proper drainage
because prolonged exposure to moisture or stagnant water can affect systems required for the structural support
of a home

Question 88

Improper grading

Answer 88

The results of improper grading can be visually
identified from the build-up of water around the
exterior walls of the basement. If the ground around a
foundation is level or negative grade (i.e., slopes
towards the structure), then the natural run-off of water
may lead towards the basement. In this case, the soil
next to the house was likely backfilled without being
compacted and then later settled.

If the
general topography is such that water is directed
toward the structure, further measures to divert the
water may be required (e.g., installing drain tile around
the perimeter of the structure).

Question 89

Defective or absent eavestrough/downspout system

Answer 89

Defective eavestroughs and downspouts can be
identified when they are unable to control the run-off of
rain water properly, and the water could either drip or
pool at locations that could be problematic to the
property.
The solution is to find the location of the malfunction
and either repair or replace the system that is not
properly controlling the water-run off.

Question 90

Improperly designed window wells

Answer 90

A window well is a rectangular hole in front of a
basement window that is below grade. The purpose of a
window well is to prevent water penetration through the
window and water damage to the window frames, and
to allow for egress out of the basement in case of an
emergency.
When a window well is not functioning properly, it can
be visually identified by the build-up of water around its
base. Most window wells are connected to the weeping
tile bed at the footings, which allows rain water to run
off through that system and not accumulate in the well.

Question 91

Ineffective drainage system components

Answer 91

A sump pit is a hole dug in a basement floor into which
a pump is placed. If water is present under the
basement floor, it will enter the pit first as it is lower
than the surface of the basement floor. When it reaches
a certain height, the pump will start, and the water will
be pumped to the outside of the house by way of a
drain hose. Drainage tiles maintain the removal of
excess water from soil below the surface.

Question 92

Efflorescence

Answer 92

Efflorescence is a whitish mineral deposit sometimes
seen on the interior of concrete, brick, stucco, or
natural stone surface. The presence of efflorescence is
a quick and reliable way to identify the possibility of
moisture penetration in a structure.

Question 93

Rusting

Answer 93

Rusty baseboard nails, electrical boxes, and support
posts on appliances are signs that may indicate the
penetration of water into a basement system. This
problem can be corrected or eliminated by installing or
improving the exterior grading and drainage
components, such as eavestroughs and downspouts.

Question 94

Mould and mildew

Answer 94

Mould or mildew in basements can often be the result
of some form of high moisture areas and poor
ventilation

Question 95

Stains or discolouration

Answer 95

Staining or discolouration from water penetration can
occur in different areas of a structure, including
panelling, drywall, or other interior-side finishes. This
problem is an indication of a leak and requires further
investigation.

Question 96

Gable roof

Answer 96

Gable roofs can be identified by their simple design of
two sloped sides and a gable (i.e., enclosing portion at
the end of any pitched roof) on either end. When
viewed, a completed gable roof will have the
appearance of an inverted letter “V

Question 97

Hip roof

Answer 97

Hip roofs are sometimes called cottage roofs and refer
to a layout that has slopes on all four sides. The sides
are all equal in length and join at the top to form the
ridge. This style of roof can be found in both square
and rectangular structures.

Question 98

Gambrel roof

Answer 98

Gambrel roofs are more commonly recognized with
barn structures, although they are also used in
residential roofing. A gambrel roof is identified from its
symmetrical two sides that slope more steeply
approximately halfway down the length of either side.

Question 99

Mansard roof

Answer 99

Mansard roofs contain many similar features as
gambrel roof, including an allocation of sufficient
space for the inclusion of an attic, which can
sometimes be referred to as a garret.
Mansard roofs are identified by their two slopes
along all four sides, which become steeper
approximately halfway down.
The mansard roof is a hybrid between a gambrel
roof and a hip roof. The mansard roof provides
additional space because of its virtually vertical
slopes.

Question 100

Flat roof

Answer 100

More common in commercial and industrial buildings,
flat roofs can also be used for residential properties.
Despite their name, flat roofs are not completely flat;
they have a slight slope to prevent the collection of
water.

Question 101

A-frame roof

Answer 101

A-frame roofs are identified by their steep, triangular
shape that runs directly to ground level, which function
as walls for the structure, and were a popular design in
the mid-1950s to the 1970s. Because of this design,
structures with A-frame roofs are typically smaller, and
are often one-and-one-half storey structures.

Question 102

Conventional roof system

Answer 102

A roof with a pitch greater than four in twelve.

Question 103

Low slope roof system:

Answer 103

A roof with a pitch between four in twelve and two in twelve.

Question 104

Flat roof system:

Answer 104

A roof with a pitch less than two in twelve.

Question 105

1. Gable roof
   Potential Benefit:
   • Relatively easy and inexpensive to construct
   • Allow for more ventilation, which could provide more space for an attic or vaulted ceiling

Answer 105

Potential Drawback:
• Not ideal for areas with frequently high winds, as this may cause the materials to peel away Allow
for more ventilation, which could provide more space for an attic or vaulted ceiling

Question 106

2. Hip roof
   Potential Benefit:
   • Recognized for their stability, making them ideal for areas with high winds and snow

Answer 106

Potential Drawback:

• Typically, difficult and expensive to construct due to their complex truss and rafter system

Question 107

3. Gambrel roof
   Potential Benefit:
   • Can be structured in a way that can incorporate an attic to the property, which can serve as
   additional bedroom space or living areas
   • Cost effective simple design; gambrel roofs require fewer resources making it cost-effective
   roofing option that saves labour time as well as the installation and the maintenance costs
   • Ideal for sheds and outdoor storage buildings as the design provides for more storage
   space

Answer 107

Potential Drawback:

Not ideal for areas with frequently high winds or snowfall
• May require more frequent maintenance than other roof styles
• Require a proper roof vent system during installation to improve on better air circulation
and ventilation

Question 108

Flashing

Answer 108

Flashing refers to thin pieces of impervious material
installed in joints or gaps to prevent water from seeping
into a structure. They could be used anywhere dissimilar
building materials meet, which happens in valleys,
around chimneys, dormer windows extending from the
side of a roof, and skylights. Flashing is also used
wherever a material changes directions on a roof.
Flashing is typically composed of galvanized steel, but
tin, aluminum, or copper may also be used.

Question 109

Sheathing

Answer 109

Roof sheathing is typically composed of wood plank,
plywood, or wafer board panels. It serves to support the
roof covering and transmits live roof loads such as snow
and ice towards the rafters, trusses, or roof joist

Question 110

Roof sheathing is typically composed of wood plank,
plywood, or wafer board panels. It serves to support the
roof covering and transmits live roof loads such as snow
and ice towards the rafters, trusses, or roof joist

Answer 110

A roof truss holds up the sheathing and shingles while
transferring the roof loads to the outside or the bearing
walls of a structure. Trusses contain triangle-shaped
webs inside their frame that serve as additional support.
Trusses are typically designed using wood and their
design can vary slightly:
• The fink truss, with internal support beams or web
members, form the shape of the letter W.
• The Howe truss uses the same material but in a
vertical web running up to its peak.

Question 111

Rafter

Answer 111

A rafter is a roof component commonly associated with
sloped roofs. The rafter supports the roof sheathing and
transmits the roof loads to bearing walls and beams
below. Some rafters support finished ceilings, such as
cathedral ceilings.

Question 112

Collar tie

Answer 112

Collar ties are laterally placed wood members installed
between opposing rafters approximately halfway up the
attic space. These ties are designed to prevent rafters
from sagging inward.

Question 113

Knee wall

Answer 113

A knee wall is a small wall, typically built with two-byfour wood studs in the attic that prevents rafter sag.
Knee walls in one-and-one-half or two-storey houses
sometimes form the walls of a room on the upper floor
as they run from the attic floor up to the underside of
the rafters near their midpoint. As a result, upper rooms
created by this approach often have partly sloped
ceilings.

Question 114

Finished roof

Answer 114

Ice damming: Some roofing configurations are more prone to ice
damming problems than others. Ice damming occurs
when snow and ice collect in a certain area of the
roof, often the eaves. Melting snow on the upper
portion of the roof cannot drain properly as it is
trapped behind the ice dam.

Tree branches touching roof
The abrasive action of branches rubbing against the
roof can damage the roof system and shorten its life
expectancy. Also, tree limbs touching buildings
provide easy access to the home for pests, such as
squirrels.

Question 115

Sheathing

Answer 115

Condensation:
Moisture in an attic can cause considerable problems.
Plywood roof sheathing will delaminate, and wafer
board sheathing will swell. This can cause loss of
strength in the sheathing and render the nailing of the
sheathing ineffective, as nails are pulled out of the
rafters, or through the sheathing. In severe cases, the
roof covering must be removed, and the sheathing
replaced.

Too thin:
Sheathing that is too thin for the application will deflect
(i.e., bend inwards) under load and result in sagging of
the roof line. Aesthetically, this is considered
unacceptable although sagging to the point of failure
would be unusual.

Question 116

Truss

Answer 116

Cut
Individual chords or webs that are cut or damaged can
be a serious problem. Cutting a truss in one spot may
compromise the entire truss structure.

Truss uplift
Truss uplift, relatively common in new houses, involves
the bottom member (chord) of the truss deflecting
upward during winter weather

Question 117

Soffits

Answer 117

A soffit is the material that covers the underside of the
overhang of a roof. Soffits provide both aesthetic and
functional purposes for a residential structure. Without
soffits, the ends of the rafters and trusses would be
visible.

Question 118

Fascia

Answer 118

Fascia is the wooden board or otherwise flat piece of
material that covers the ends of the rafters, and is
visible from the exterior of a property. Eavestroughs
are attached to the fascia which prevents moisture
and water leakage into the roof and the attic

Question 119

Eavestroughs and downspouts

Answer 119

The eavestrough is attached to both the fascia board
and downspout. Eavestroughs collect rainwater that
flows through the downspout to grade level, protecting
against wall damage and localized ground level erosion
caused by roof run-of

Question 120

Attic venting system

Answer 120

Proper attic ventilation is a crucial factor for
residential structures. Attics can be a common area
for the formation of mould and wood rot. Sufficient
air circulation through an attic venting system is
required to eliminate moisture from collecting in the
attic.

Question 121

Proper attic ventilation is a crucial factor for
residential structures. Attics can be a common area
for the formation of mould and wood rot. Sufficient
air circulation through an attic venting system is
required to eliminate moisture from collecting in the
attic.

Answer 121

Potential problems with soffits include sagging or
looseness, which could be caused from wear and tear
associated with weather elements. The location of the
soffit can make it more susceptible to water damag

Question 122

Fascia

Answer 122

Fascia can be vulnerable to damage if water gets behind
the board, which could be caused by clogged
eavestroughs, improper shingle overhang, and ice
damming. Wooden fascia board may also rot, split, or
become loose.

Question 123

Fascia can be vulnerable to damage if water gets behind
the board, which could be caused by clogged
eavestroughs, improper shingle overhang, and ice
damming. Wooden fascia board may also rot, split, or
become loose.

Answer 123

Potential problems with eavestroughs include the
collection of debris, which requires cleaning typically
once a year, and faulty fasteners that can cause the
eavestrough to fall or collapse. Additional hangers can
be used to further secure the eavestrough to prevent
this.

Question 124

Asphalt shingles

Answer 124

This is a common form of roofing material in part
because they are relatively inexpensive and
straightforward to install. They come in a variety of
different colours and are typically classified by their
weight, which can impact their utility period. T

Question 125

Metal

Answer 125

Metal roofs can effectively withstand most weather
conditions, including a resistance to higher winds.
Metal roofs can reflect solar rays and enhance energy
saving costs. Advantages include low maintenance,
resistance to decay, and durability as metal roofs can
last approximately 40 to 70 years. A key consideration
is the cost, as metal can be expensive.

Question 126

Wood shingles and shakes

Answer 126

Wood shingles and shakes have a similar configuration
to conventional asphalt shingles but are made of wood.
The shingles are machine-cut, and the shakes are either
hand split or mechanically split. The utility period for
wood shingles is relatively high, often between 30 to 40
years.

One potential downside of wood shingles and shakes is
that exposure to frequent sunlight can dehydrate the
shingles and cause them to become brittle, and
excessive shade or moisture can lead to rot and enable
moss to grow.

Question 127

Slate

Answer 127

Slate, made of stone cut into shingles or plates, are a
premium roofing material. They are durable,
waterproof, and fireproof. However, slate can tend to
be brittle and easily damaged by hail, debris, or foot
traffic on the roof. Slate roofs have an average utility
period of 60 to 100 years.

One potential downside is their weight; a slate roof can
weigh three to five times more than asphalt shingles.
The support system must be reinforced to support the
weight

Question 128

Concrete/clay tile

Answer 128

Rarely seen in Ontario, concrete and clay tiles are a
relatively high-quality roofing system that can have a
utility period of 50 to 100 years. As with slate shingles,
these roofs are heavy and can weigh four to five times
as much as asphalt shingles. Also, clay is brittle,
subject to mechanical damage, and prone to failure of
fastenings such as nailings. An excessive number of
broken tiles on the roof may be a sign that the roof
material is nearing the end of its utility period and
should be looked at by a third-party professional.

Question 129

Corrugated plastic tile

Answer 129

Corrugated plastic tile is a single-ply surface generally
used over patios and light structures. This roofing is
considered low quality and is subject to fading,
discolouration, and leaking at the joints

This roofing material is more often associated with
accessory buildings such as sheds.

Question 130

Head

Answer 130

The head is the portion of the door frame located on
the top of the door and runs horizontally across from
one side to the other. The head is sometimes referred
to as the top rail. In the case of sliding doors, the head
would also be where the top portion of the track is
installed to allow movement.

Question 131

Jamb

Answer 131

The jamb of a door pertains to both the left or right
portion of the door frame running vertically up and
down the length of the door. Depending on the
direction the door swings, either jamb can be the
location where the hinges are mounted

Question 132

Sill

Answer 132

The sill is located at the bottom of the door at the floor
level and runs horizontally to support the frame of the
door. The sill is sometimes referred to as the threshold.
Sills are raised slightly to prevent water from entering
the house and are often fitted with a piece of weather
stripping to insulate the area under the door.

Question 133

Stop

Answer 133

A stop is a continuous projection attached to the
head and jambs of a door, which functions to
prevent the door from swinging past the frame when
closing or opening.

Question 134

Buck

Answer 134

he buck of a door is the sub-frame around the door.
Bucks are sometimes referred to as the casing. These
are typically designed from either wood or pressed
metal.

Question 135

Wood doors

Answer 135

Wood doors are widely and commonly used because of
their beautiful, high end look and ease of repair.
However, the down side is they absorb moisture, peel
and bubble out, twist and fade, and can be expensive.
They are the least energy efficient door and poor
insulators of heat and even heat flow out of all the
materials available today

Question 136

Panel doors

Answer 136

Panel doors are more commonly used as interior doors
but can also be used as exterior doors. The frames of
these doors are typically made of wood but can also be
constructed from engineered wood (e.g., plywood, hard
board, or block board). The panels of this door type can
be constructed from either wood or glass panes that
can be patterned into different shape

Question 137

Glass doors

Answer 137

Although glass is more commonly used for door panes,
doors can be composed of a large single pane of glass
situated inside a typically wooden frame. Glass patio
doors are fairly common as an alternative to sliding
backyard doors.

Question 138

Sliding doors

Answer 138

Sliding glass doors are most common as an entrance to
the backyard at the rear of the house. They are often
situated around metal or wood frames with thermal
breaks that allow the frame to remain warmer, and
reduce condensation and icing problems in winter

Question 139

Steel doors

Answer 139

steel doors are a great option for an exterior door. They
are relatively inexpensive, come in a variety of colours
and offer the security and weather resistance of a
fiberglass and wood door. They are typically low
maintenance, however, dents are hard to fix and
scratches may rust if not painted promptly.

Question 140

Fibreglass doors

Answer 140

Fibreglass entry doors are a practical choice for most
people. They resist wear and tear, can be painted or
stained, moderately priced and dent-resistant, and
require very little maintenance.

Fibreglass exterior doors are a poor conductor of heat
and electricity and due to the foam fill they provide
for a high degree of energy efficiency. These doors
are highly weather resistant, which provides for
minimal heat loss.

Question 141

Potential Problems with Residential Doors

Answer 141

This is a common problem caused by a sagging or misaligned door, or a
latch that has become loose and doesn’t align with the door. Both
problems can be remedied by realigning either the hinges of the door,
or readjusting the height of the latch

Question 142

The door won’t remain closed

Answer 142

This is a common problem caused by a sagging or misaligned door, or a
latch that has become loose and doesn’t align with the door. Both
problems can be remedied by realigning either the hinges of the door,
or readjusting the height of the latch.

Question 143

The door frame has become loose

Answer 143

This problem can often be caused from the frequent slamming of a
door. When it occurs, this problem can be fixed by installing new
framework to the door where it has become misaligned. The door frame
may also require re-securing by tightening the hinges of the door, which
can sometimes be a problem in older homes.

Question 144

When opened, the door will squeak

Answer 144

This is a problem that may occur as a result of the door hinges rubbing
against each other. A squeaking door can be remedied by lubricating the
hinges of the door with oil.

Question 145

When closed, there is a draft emitting

from around the door

Answer 145

This problem may occur as a result of gaps around the perimeter of the
door. Drafty doors can be remedied by replacing the weather stripping
around the perimeter of the door, which may also aid in heating and
cooling costs for a home.

Question 146

Energy Efficiency for Exterior Doors

Answer 146

A properly insulated door serves to keep the outdoor weather from your home and prevent the unwanted exchange
of heat. It can also prevent air and temperature leakage, meaning the amount of energy used to heat or cool the
home internally is not being lost.

Question 147

Replace older doors

Answer 147

Exterior doors can contribute to air leakage and heat
loss, particularly if the door is older, not insulated, or
improperly air sealed. Heat may be lost through the
door, frame, sill, glass, or any other opening. Replacing
or upgrading older doors may potentially reduce the
amount of heat that is lost

Question 148

Use energy efficient doors

Answer 148

A properly insulated door can enhance energy
efficiency, which can lead to less air leakage and heat
loss. Energy efficiency does not only relate to the door.
Weatherstripping, sills, and jambs should form a tight
seal, which increases the energy efficiency of the door.

Question 149

Install storm doors

Answer 149

Storm doors are a specialized type of door installed in
front of an exterior access door. They can protect the
exterior door from weather conditions and the
additional layer of insulation reduces heat loss in the
winter while keeping cool air in when it’s warm. Storm
doors are typically designed from aluminum, plastic,
PVC, fibreglass, or other materials.
Storm doors can also be fitted with a retractable screen
to increase air ventilation in summer.Storm doors can
be beneficial because they protect the house from
weather extremes and provide a degree of improved
energy efficiency to the property

Question 150

Install weatherstripping

Answer 150

Weatherstripping is the application of insulating strips
around the door perimeter to avoid air and heat
transfer. Weatherstripping ensures there is minimal to
no heat exchange and functions as an additional barrier
to eliminate this flow

Question 151

Casement window

Answer 151

A casement window is hinged and often operates
through the turning of a crank handle that allows the
window to open and close. This style of window can be
hinged on either the left or right side, or open outward.
The material used for casement windows include wood,
metal, vinyl, or a combination.

Question 152

Single and double-hung windows

Answer 152

A double-hung window is composed of two sashes that
slide vertically within the frame. Once a double-hung
window is opened, it can lock in place to remain open. A
single-hung window functions in the same way but only
the bottom portion of the window can open and close,
while the rest remains stationary

Question 153

A double-hung window is composed of two sashes that
slide vertically within the frame. Once a double-hung
window is opened, it can lock in place to remain open. A
single-hung window functions in the same way but only
the bottom portion of the window can open and close,
while the rest remains stationary

Answer 153

An awning window has a hinge at the top that allows the
window to open outward. The hinge can be installed
above or below the window. Awning windows can be
beneficial when they are placed near windows that don’t
open as part of their design

Question 154

Bay window/bow window

Answer 154

A bay window is typically designed as three separate
windows. The centre window is often a picture window,
with two smaller windows on either side of it. The two
windows on either side are often angled.

A bay window is typically designed as three separate
windows. The centre window is often a picture window,
with two smaller windows on either side of it. The two
windows on either side are often angled.

Question 155

Slider window

Answer 155

A slider window, an older style of window generally
regarded as lower in quality, is a single pane of glass
that slides on a wood or vinyl track. It often has a simple
locking device and pull knobs sometimes attached to
the surface of the glass. A slider window will open
horizontally rather than vertically and is relatively
inexpensive

Question 156

A slider window, an older style of window generally
regarded as lower in quality, is a single pane of glass
that slides on a wood or vinyl track. It often has a simple
locking device and pull knobs sometimes attached to
the surface of the glass. A slider window will open
horizontally rather than vertically and is relatively
inexpensive

Answer 156

A skylight can be installed in both new
construction and resale homes. They are typically
made from tempered glass or plastic (flat or
bubble shaped), which have better resistance to
breakage than conventional glass. They are subject
to scratching so abrasive cleaners should not be
used. Skylights can also be prone to leaks and
condensation.

Question 157

Drafty windows

Answer 157

A large amount of air escaping through a window can
lead to significant increases to a house’s heating and
cooling costs. Reasons for this problem include broken
window seals, poorly insulated windows, improperly
installed windows, or cracked and rotting window
frames.

Question 158

Condensation

Answer 158

A window that clouds or becomes foggy is an indicator
of condensation build up. The seal between the glass
panes of windows was not able to prevent the moisture
penetration. This can be a problem in winter because
moisture could freeze in between the windows, which
could damage the windows and raise heating costs. This
is a sign of deterioration and the best solution would be
to replace the windows.

Question 159

Damaged material

Answer 159

Extreme temperature fluctuations can cause windows
not installed properly to warp, crack, or rot in their
window frame if the window has wooden components.
This can cause moisture penetration that could lead to
the frame rotting or the formation of mould. Vinyl
windows can typically withstand temperature
fluctuations and require much less maintenance than
wood frame windows

Question 160

Inoperable windows

Answer 160

Windows sticking or difficult to open can be caused
from frames that have warped, the settling of a property
over the course of time, or the frames being
unintentionally painted shut.
Windows can also become inoperable when the
weather seal separates from the frame and becomes
jammed in the closing device. The solutions to
inoperable windows will depend on their cause. In the
case of warped windows, these may require an
inspection to remedy.

Question 161

Bay or bow windows

Answer 161

: Bay or bow windows are typically composed of
three openings that would align with the homeowner’s
preference for light to enter the study or reading room
throughout the day. A bay window typically stops a
couple of feet above the floor level. A bow window’s
structure is curved, creating a rounded appearance on
the outside of the home. It usually has four or five
separate windows.

Question 162

Glazing

Answer 162

Glazing refers to the act of furnishing and/or fitting
panes or sheets of glass as in the case of windows and
doors. Windows were previously only available as singleglazed (i.e., one pane of glass). Windows can now be
purchased as single, double, or triple-glazed. Each
additional layer of glazing provides more energy
efficiency and noise reduction.
Double-glazing is either factory sealed or vented. The
factory sealed double-glazing is designed to have no air
infiltration or exfiltration between the two panes.
Vented double-glazing allows for outside air movement
to the space between the two panes

Question 163

Inert gas fill

Answer 163

Inert gases, such as argon and krypton, are used as fill
between glazing given their ability to reduce window
heat transfer and cold spots at the window base
between the panes. Both inert gas fills are non-toxic and
colourless. Argon is most common because krypton is
more expensive.

Question 164

Tempering

Answer 164

Tempered glass is specialized glass that is significantly
stronger than conventional glass used in residential
windows. This type of glass is processed through
controlled thermal or chemical treatments to increase
strength. Windows with tempered glass are scratch- and
damage-resistant and provide better insulation

Question 165

Window films and tinting

Answer 165

Window films (sometimes called frosted windows) and
window tinting have several benefits, including privacy,
UV ray protection, heat reduction, fade, and glare
protection. Window film and window tinting can be
applied to windows that have already been installed or
purchased with these modifications

Question 166

Low conductivity window spacers

Answer 166

The spacer of a window segments the two glass panes
in a thermal window that is accompanied by a sealant.
Traditionally, most glazed units were produced with an
aluminum spacer. Although lightweight, durable, and
relatively inexpensive, this metal is very effective at
conducting heat and is a significant source of heat loss.
Low conductivity spacers are made from insulating
material such as foam, butyl, thermo-plastic or
thermally improved metals which conduct significantly
less heat energy. The result is a more energy efficient
window, reduced heat loss, and reduced condensation

Question 167

low -e and u value

Answer 167

low-e reflect long wave radiation, allow sunlight during winter month

U-value- U-value is a measure of heat flow through an object (e.g., window glazing) often referred to as the heat transfer
coefficient. It is a component for establishing the efficiency rating (ER) of windows.
The U-value is the reciprocal of
the R-value commonly associated with insulation.If the U-value decreases, the R-value increases.

Question 168

CSA Group Standards for Residential Windows

Answer 168

CSA Group is one of the largest standards development organizations in North America – conducting research and
developing standards for a broad range of technologies and functional areas. In terms of residential windows, CSA
Group focuses primarily on several different categories, including air tightness, water tightness, wind resistance,
condensation, forced entry, ease of operation, and visible transmittance.

Question 169

Pie-shaped

Answer 169

A pie-shaped lot is identified by the relatively smaller
frontage when compared to the larger rear yard area of
the lot. Homeowners may prefer this lot shape because
of its larger space for the backyard, which allows for
various structures or other improvements to be built
(e.g., deck, shed, swimming pool).

Question 170

reverse pie-shaped

Answer 170

A reverse pie-shaped lot has the majority of the yard
area in the front of the home, which results in a reduced
backyard area. This shape of lot allows fora wider
structure facing the road. This could include more living
space and/or the option of placing a garage at the side
rather than at the front of the house.

Question 171

topography

Answer 171

The property features are important considerations. A
lot that has a treed or bush area, or a small stream can
be considered more desirable. Land topography (e.g.,
whether the lot is level or slopes) can influence the
desirability of a property. An uneven or hilly stretch of
land can impact the ability to construct, modify, or
expand residential structures.